{"id":2003,"date":"2013-11-04T07:00:28","date_gmt":"2013-11-04T07:00:28","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.editage.com\/insights\/how-to-write-an-effective-title-and-abstract-and-choose-appropriate-keywords\/"},"modified":"2026-03-20T17:12:40","modified_gmt":"2026-03-20T11:42:40","slug":"how-to-write-an-effective-title-and-abstract-and-choose-appropriate-keywords","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.editage.com\/insights\/how-to-write-an-effective-title-and-abstract-and-choose-appropriate-keywords","title":{"rendered":"Writing an Effective Title and Abstract and Choosing the Right Keywords"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>Key Highlights<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 11.0pt;\"><span style=\"line-height: 115%;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';\">Without the title, abstract, and keywords\u2014the key marketing tools for research papers\u2014most papers may never be read or even found by interested readers.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 11.0pt;\"><span style=\"line-height: 115%;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';\">Good research paper titles (typically 10\u201312 words long)\u00a0use descriptive terms and phrases that accurately highlight the core content of the paper.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 11.0pt;\"><span style=\"line-height: 115%;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';\">\u00a0The abstract should provide a quick and accurate summary of the paper, to help the reader decide whether the rest of the paper is worth reading.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 11.0pt;\"><span style=\"line-height: 115%;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';\">Keywords ensure that your paper is indexed well by databases and search engines, and thus improve the discoverability of your research. Therefore, keywords should be selected after careful consideration.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana,geneva,sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">More often than not, when researchers set about writing a paper, they spend the most time on the &#8220;meat&#8221; of the article (the Methods, Results, and Discussion sections). Little thought goes into the title and abstract, while keywords get even lesser attention, often being typed out on-the-spot in a journal\u2019s submission system. <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana,geneva,sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">Ironically, these three elements\u2014the\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"nb\" style=\"border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14px;\">title, abstract, and keywords<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u2014may well hold the key to publication success.\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">A negligent or sloppy attitude towards these three vital elements in the research paper format would be almost equivalent to leaving the accessibility of the research paper up to chance and lucky guessing of target words, indirectly making the effort and time expended on the research and publication process almost null and void.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana,geneva,sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">It could be said that the keywords, title, and abstract operate in a system analogous to a chain reaction. Once the keywords have helped people find the research paper and an effective title has successfully lassoed and drawn in the readers\u2019 attention, it is up to the abstract of the research paper to further trigger the readers\u2019 interest and maintain their curiosity. This functional advantage alone serves to make an abstract an indispensable component within the research paper format. <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana,geneva,sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">However, formulating the abstract of a research paper can be a tedious task, given that abstracts need to be fairly comprehensive, without giving too much away. This is mainly because if readers get all the details of the research paper in the abstract itself, they might be discouraged from reading the entire article.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"ewa-rteLine\"><a href=\"#write-1\">The title, abstract, and keywords: Why it is important to get them right<\/a><\/div>\n<div class=\"ewa-rteLine\"><a href=\"#write-2\">How to write a good title for a research paper<\/a><\/div>\n<div class=\"ewa-rteLine\"><a href=\"#write-3\">How to write a research paper abstract<\/a><\/div>\n<div class=\"ewa-rteLine\"><a href=\"#write-4\">How to choose appropriate keywords in a research paper<\/a><\/div>\n<div><\/div>\n<h2 id=\"write-1\" style=\"padding-top: 80px; margin-top: -80px;\">The title, abstract, and keywords: Why it is important to get them right<\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana,geneva,sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">The <\/span><span class=\"nb\" style=\"border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14px;\">title, abstract, and keywords<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0play a pivotal role in the communication of research. Without them, most papers may never be read or even found by interested readers<\/span><sup style=\"font-family: GandhiSansRegular;\">1-4<\/sup><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">. Here\u2019s why:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana,geneva,sans-serif;\">Most electronic search engines, databases, or journal websites will use the words found in your title and abstract, and your list of keywords to decide whether and when to display your paper to interested readers.<sup>1,2,5-8<\/sup>Thus, these 3 elements enable the dissemination of your research; without them, readers would not be able to find or cite your paper.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana,geneva,sans-serif;\">The title and abstract are often the only parts of a paper that are freely available online.<sup>1,9<\/sup>\u00a0Hence, once readers find your paper, they will read through the title and abstract to determine whether or not to purchase a full copy of your paper\/continue reading.<sup>2-4<\/sup><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana,geneva,sans-serif;\">Finally, the abstract is the first section of your paper that journal editors and reviewers read. While busy journal editors may use the abstract to decide whether to send a paper for peer review or reject it outright, reviewers will form their first impression about your paper on reading it.<sup>10<\/sup><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana,geneva,sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">Given the critical role that these 3 elements play in helping readers access your research, we offer a set of guidelines (compiled from instructions and resources on journals\u2019 websites and academic writing guidelines, listed in the references) on writing effective titles and abstracts and choosing the right keywords.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"write-2\" style=\"padding-top: 80px; margin-top: -80px;\">How to write a good title for a research paper<\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana,geneva,sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">Journal websites and search engines use the words in research paper titles to categorize and display articles to interested readers, while readers use the title as the first step to determining whether or not to read an article. This is why it is important to know how to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.editage.com\/insights\/3-basic-tips-on-writing-a-good-research-paper-title\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">write a good title for a research paper<\/a>. Good research paper titles (typically 10\u201312 words long)<sup style=\"font-family: GandhiSansRegular;\">6,7<\/sup>\u00a0use descriptive terms and phrases that accurately highlight the core content of the paper (e.g., the species studied, the literary work evaluated, or the technology discussed).<sup style=\"font-family: GandhiSansRegular;\">1,5<\/sup>\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"write-3\" style=\"padding-top: 80px; margin-top: -80px;\">How to write a research paper abstract<\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana,geneva,sans-serif;\"><br style=\"font-family: GandhiSansRegular; font-size: 14px;\" \/><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">The abstract should work like a marketing tool.<\/span><sup style=\"font-family: GandhiSansRegular;\">4,11<\/sup><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">It should help the reader decide \u201cwhether there is something in the body of the paper worth reading\u201d<span style=\"font-size: 10px;\"><sup>10\u00a0<\/sup><\/span>by providing a quick and accurate summary of the entire paper,<\/span><sup style=\"font-family: GandhiSansRegular;\">2,3<\/sup><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0explaining why the research was conducted, what the aims were, how these were met, and what the main findings were.<\/span><sup style=\"font-family: GandhiSansRegular;\">1,2,6-8,12<\/sup><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0<\/span><br style=\"font-family: GandhiSansRegular; font-size: 14px;\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<h3>Types of abstracts<\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana,geneva,sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">Generally between 100 and 300 words in length,<\/span><sup style=\"font-family: GandhiSansRegular;\">1,3,4,12<\/sup><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">abstracts are of different types:\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-size: 14px;\">descriptive, informative, and structured.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana,geneva,sans-serif;\">1. Descriptive abstracts, usually used in the social sciences and humanities, do not give specific information about methods and results.<sup>13,14<\/sup><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana,geneva,sans-serif;\">2. Informative abstracts are commonly used in the sciences and present information on the background, aim, methods, results, and conclusions.<sup>13,14<\/sup><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana,geneva,sans-serif;\">3. Structured abstracts are essentially informative abstracts divided into a series of headings (e.g., Objective, Method, Results, Conclusion)<sup>9,15,16<\/sup>and are typically found in medical literature and clinical trial reports.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana,geneva,sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">In this section, we focus on how to write a research paper abstract that is concise and informative, as such abstracts are more commonly used in scientific literature. You can follow the same strategy to write a structured abstract; just introduce headings based on the journal guidelines.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana,geneva,sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">Here are some steps (with examples) you can follow to write an effective title:\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana,geneva,sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">1. Answer the questions: What is my paper about? What techniques\/ designs were used? Who\/what is studied? What were the results?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana,geneva,sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">My paper studies whether X therapy improves the cognitive function of patients suffering from dementia.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana,geneva,sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">It was a randomized trial.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana,geneva,sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">I studied 40 cases from six cities in Japan.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana,geneva,sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">There was an improvement in the cognitive function of patients.<\/span><\/span><!--pagebreak--><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana,geneva,sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">2. Use your answers to list key words.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana,geneva,sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">X therapy<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana,geneva,sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">Randomized trial<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana,geneva,sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">Dementia<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana,geneva,sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">6 Japanese cities<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana,geneva,sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">40 cases<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana,geneva,sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">Improved cognitive function<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana,geneva,sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">3. Build a sentence with these key words:\u00a0This study is a randomized trial that investigates whether X therapy improved cognitive function in 40 dementia patients from 6 cities in Japan; it reports improved cognitive function. (28 words)<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana,geneva,sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">4. Delete all unnecessary words (e.g., study of, investigates) and repetitive words; link the remaining.\u00a0<span style=\"font-size: 12px; text-decoration: line-through;\">This study is a<\/span>\u00a0randomized trial\u00a0<span style=\"font-size: 12px; text-decoration: line-through;\">that investigates whether<\/span>\u00a0X therapy improved cognitive function in 40 dementia patients from 6 cities in Japan;\u00a0<span style=\"font-size: 12px; text-decoration: line-through;\">it reports improved cognitive function<\/span>Randomized trial\u00a0of\u00a0X therapy\u00a0for improving\u00a0cognitive function in 40 dementia patients from 6 cities in Japan (18 words)<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana,geneva,sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">5. Delete non-essential information and reword.\u00a0Randomized trial\u00a0<u style=\"font-size: 12px;\">of<\/u>\u00a0X therapy\u00a0<u style=\"font-size: 12px;\">for improving<\/u>\u00a0cognitive function in 40 dementia patients\u00a0<span style=\"font-size: 12px; text-decoration: line-through;\">from 6 cities in Japan reports improved cognitive function<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana,geneva,sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">Randomized trial of X therapy for improving cognitive function in 40 dementia patients\u00a0(13 words)\u00a0OR (reworded with subtitle and a focus on the results)X therapy improves cognitive function in 40 dementia patients: A randomized trial\u00a0(12 words)<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<ol class=\"ex-box\" style=\"border: 1px dashed #0099ff; vertical-align: baseline; margin: 0px; padding: 15px; font-family: GandhiSansRegular; font-size: 13px; list-style: none;\">\n<li style=\"border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; margin: 0px 0px 10px 20px; padding: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; list-style-position: outside; text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana,geneva,sans-serif;\">Begin writing the abstract after you have finished writing your paper.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul class=\"ex-box\" style=\"border: 1px dashed #0099ff; vertical-align: baseline; margin: 0px; padding: 15px; font-family: GandhiSansRegular; font-size: 13px; list-style-position: initial; list-style-image: initial;\">\n<li style=\"border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; margin: 0px 0px 10px 20px; padding: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; list-style-position: outside; text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana,geneva,sans-serif;\">First answer the questions \u201cWhat problem are you trying to solve?\u201d and \u201cWhat motivated you to do so?\u201d by picking out the major objectives\/hypotheses and conclusions from your Introduction and Conclusion sections.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; margin: 0px 0px 10px 20px; padding: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; list-style-position: outside; text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana,geneva,sans-serif;\">Next, answer the question &#8220;How did you go about achieving your objective?&#8221; by selecting key sentences and phrases from your Methods section.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; margin: 0px 0px 10px 20px; padding: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; list-style-position: outside; text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana,geneva,sans-serif;\">Now, reveal your findings by listing the major results from your Results section.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; margin: 0px 0px 10px 20px; padding: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; list-style-position: outside; text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana,geneva,sans-serif;\">Finally, answer the question &#8220;What are the implications of your findings?&#8221;<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; margin: 0px 0px 10px 20px; padding: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; list-style-position: outside; text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana,geneva,sans-serif;\">Arrange the sentences and phrases selected in steps\u00a0<sup>2, 3, 4,<\/sup>\u00a0and\u00a0<sup>5<\/sup>\u00a0into a single paragraph in the following sequence: Introduction, Methods, Results, and Conclusions.<\/span><\/span><!--pagebreak--><\/li>\n<li style=\"border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; margin: 0px 0px 10px 20px; padding: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; list-style-position: outside; text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana,geneva,sans-serif;\">Make sure that this paragraph is self-contained<sup>1<\/sup>,<sup>2,7,12<\/sup>\u00a0and does not include the following:<sup>1-3,7,12<\/sup><\/span><\/span>\n<ul class=\"list\" style=\"border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; margin: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 20px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; list-style: none outside url('http:\/\/www.editage.com\/sites\/default\/files\/images\/tutorials\/content\/res-bul.gif');\">\n<li style=\"border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; margin: 0px 0px 15px 20px; padding: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; list-style-position: outside;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana,geneva,sans-serif;\">Information not present in the paper<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; margin: 0px 0px 15px 20px; padding: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; list-style-position: outside;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana,geneva,sans-serif;\">Figures and tables<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; margin: 0px 0px 15px 20px; padding: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; list-style-position: outside;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana,geneva,sans-serif;\">Abbreviations<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; margin: 0px 0px 15px 20px; padding: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; list-style-position: outside;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana,geneva,sans-serif;\">Literature review or reference citations<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; margin: 0px 0px 10px 20px; padding: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; list-style-position: outside; text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana,geneva,sans-serif;\">Now, link your sentences.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; margin: 0px 0px 10px 20px; padding: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; list-style-position: outside; text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana,geneva,sans-serif;\">Ensure that the paragraph is written in the past tense<sup>1,7,17<\/sup>\u00a0and check that the information flows well, preferably in the following order: purpose, basic study design\/techniques used, major findings, conclusions, and implications.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; margin: 0px 0px 10px 20px; padding: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; list-style-position: outside; text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana,geneva,sans-serif;\">Check that the final abstract<\/span><\/span>\n<ul class=\"list\" style=\"border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; margin: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 20px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; list-style: none outside url('http:\/\/www.editage.com\/sites\/default\/files\/images\/tutorials\/content\/res-bul.gif');\">\n<li style=\"border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; margin: 0px 0px 15px 20px; padding: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; list-style-position: outside;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana,geneva,sans-serif;\">Contains information that is consistent with that presented in the paper.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; margin: 0px 0px 15px 20px; padding: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; list-style-position: outside;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana,geneva,sans-serif;\">Meets the guidelines of the targeted journal (word limit, type of abstract, etc.)<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; margin: 0px 0px 15px 20px; padding: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; list-style-position: outside;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana,geneva,sans-serif;\">Does not contain typographical errors as these may lead referees and editors to \u201cconclude that the paper is bad and should be rejected.\u201d<sup>10<\/sup><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><\/div>\n<div>\n<h2 id=\"write-4\" style=\"padding-top: 80px; margin-top: -80px;\">How to choose appropriate keywords in a research paper<\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana,geneva,sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">Journals, search engines, and indexing and abstracting services classify papers using keywords.<\/span><sup style=\"font-family: GandhiSansRegular;\">2,4,5,7<\/sup><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0Thus, an accurate list of keywords will ensure correct indexing and help showcase your research to interested groups.<\/span><sup style=\"font-family: GandhiSansRegular;\">2<\/sup><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0This in turn will increase the chances of your paper being cited.<\/span><sup style=\"font-family: GandhiSansRegular;\">3<\/sup><br style=\"font-family: GandhiSansRegular; font-size: 14px;\" \/><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">Here\u2019s how you can go about <a href=\"http:\/\/www.editage.com\/insights\/why-do-journals-ask-for-keywords\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">choosing the right keywords for your paper<\/a>:<\/span><sup style=\"font-family: GandhiSansRegular;\">3,5,7,18<\/sup><\/span><\/p>\n<ul class=\"ex-box\" style=\"border: 1px dashed #0099ff; vertical-align: baseline; margin: 0px; padding: 15px; font-family: GandhiSansRegular; font-size: 13px; list-style-position: initial; list-style-image: initial;\">\n<li style=\"border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; margin: 0px 0px 10px 20px; padding: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; list-style-position: outside; text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana,geneva,sans-serif;\">Read through your paper and list down the terms\/phrases that are used repeatedly in the text.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; margin: 0px 0px 10px 20px; padding: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; list-style-position: outside; text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana,geneva,sans-serif;\">Ensure that this list includes all your main key terms\/phrases and a few additional key phrases.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; margin: 0px 0px 10px 20px; padding: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; list-style-position: outside; text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana,geneva,sans-serif;\">Include variants of a term\/phrase (e.g., kidney and renal), drug names, procedures, etc.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; margin: 0px 0px 10px 20px; padding: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; list-style-position: outside; text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana,geneva,sans-serif;\">Include common abbreviations of terms (e.g., HIV).<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; margin: 0px 0px 10px 20px; padding: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; list-style-position: outside; text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana,geneva,sans-serif;\">Now, refer to a common vocabulary\/term list or indexing standard in your discipline (e.g., GeoRef, ERIC Thesaurus, PsycInfo, ChemWeb, BIOSIS Search Guide, MeSH Thesaurus) and ensure that the terms you have used match those used in these resources.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; margin: 0px 0px 10px 20px; padding: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; list-style-position: outside; text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana,geneva,sans-serif;\">Finally, before you submit your article, type your keywords into a search engine and check if the results that show up match the subject of your paper. This will help you determine whether the keywords in your research paper are appropriate for the topic of your article.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2>Conclusion<\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana,geneva,sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">While it may be challenging to write effective titles and abstracts and to choose appropriate keywords, there is no denying the fact that it is definitely worth putting in extra time to get these right. After all, these 3 smallest segments of your paper have the potential to significantly impact your chances of getting published, read, and cited.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">You might also find the following articles helpful:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.editage.com\/insights\/3-basic-tips-on-writing-a-good-research-paper-title\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">3 Basic tips on writing a good research paper title<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.editage.com\/insights\/why-do-journals-ask-for-keywords\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Why do journals ask for keywords?<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.editage.com\/insights\/a-10-step-guide-to-make-your-research-paper-abstract-more-effective\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">A 10-step guide to make your research paper abstract more effective<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.editage.com\/insights\/tips-on-effective-use-of-tables-and-figures-in-research-papers\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Tips on effective use of tables and figures in research papers<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<h2>Bibliography<\/h2>\n<p style=\"border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 3px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; list-style-type: decimal;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana,geneva,sans-serif;\">1. Department of Biology, Bates College. The Structure, Format, Content, and Style of a Journal-Style Scientific Paper. [Accessed: July 20, 2011] Available from:\u00a0<a style=\"border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; color: #1b609a;\" href=\"http:\/\/abacus.bates.edu\/~ganderso\/biology\/resources\/writing\/HTWsections.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/abacus.bates.edu\/~ganderso\/biology\/resources\/writing\/HTWsections.html<\/a>.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 3px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; list-style-type: decimal;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana,geneva,sans-serif;\">2. Day R and GastelB. How to Write and Publish a Scientific Paper, 6thEdition. Westport, Connecticut:Greenwood Press, 2006.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 3px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; list-style-type: decimal;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana,geneva,sans-serif;\">3. Taylor &amp; Francis Author Services. Writing your article. [Accessed: July 20, 2011] Available from:\u00a0<\/span><\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/authorservices.taylorandfrancis.com\/category\/writing-your-paper\/\">https:\/\/authorservices.taylorandfrancis.com\/category\/writing-your-paper\/<\/a><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana,geneva,sans-serif;\">.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 3px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; list-style-type: decimal;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana,geneva,sans-serif;\">4. Koopman P. How to Write an Abstract. [Accessed: July 20, 2011] Available from:\u00a0<a style=\"border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; color: #1b609a;\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ece.cmu.edu\/~koopman\/essays\/abstract.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/www.ece.cmu.edu\/~koopman\/essays\/abstract.html<\/a>.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 3px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; list-style-type: decimal;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana,geneva,sans-serif;\">5. SAGE Publications. Help Readers Find Your Article. [Accessed: July 20, 2011] Available from:\u00a0<a style=\"border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; color: #1b609a;\" href=\"http:\/\/www.uk.sagepub.com\/journalgateway\/findArticle.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/www.uk.sagepub.com\/journalgateway\/findArticle.htm<\/a>.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 3px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; list-style-type: decimal;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana,geneva,sans-serif;\">6. Bem DJ. Writing the empirical journal article. In MP Zanna&amp; JM Darley (Eds.),<span style=\"border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit;\">\u00a0The Complete Academic: A Practical Guide for the Beginning Social Scientist<\/span>\u00a0(pp. 171-201). New York: Random House, 1987.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 3px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; list-style-type: decimal;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana,geneva,sans-serif;\">7. Fathalla M and Fathalla M. A Practical Guide for Health Researchers. [Accessed: July 20, 2011] Available from:\u00a0<a style=\"border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; color: #1b609a;\" href=\"http:\/\/www.emro.who.int\/dsaf\/dsa237.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/www.emro.who.int\/dsaf\/dsa237.pdf<\/a>.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 3px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; list-style-type: decimal;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana,geneva,sans-serif;\">8. Coghill A and Garson L (Eds.).Scientific Papers. In A Coghill&amp; L Garson (Eds.),<span style=\"border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit;\">\u00a0The ACS Style Guide<\/span>, 3rdEdition (pp. 20\u201321).New York: Oxford University Press, 2006T<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 3px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; list-style-type: decimal;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana,geneva,sans-serif;\">9. International Committee of Medical Journal Editors. Uniform requirements for manuscripts submitted to biomedical journals: Writing and editing for biomedical publication [Accessed: June 14, 2011] Available from:\u00a0<a style=\"border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; color: #1b609a;\" href=\"http:\/\/www.icmje.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/www.ICMJE.org<\/a>.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 3px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; list-style-type: decimal;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana,geneva,sans-serif;\">10. SatyanarayanaK.\u00a0<span class=\"nb\" style=\"border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit;\">How to Write a Research Paper<\/span>.<span style=\"border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit;\">Proceedings of11th Workshop on Medical Informatics &amp; CME on Biomedical Communication<\/span>, 2008; 44\u201348.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 3px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; list-style-type: decimal;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana,geneva,sans-serif;\">11. Rhodes W. Guest Editorial: The Abstract as a Marketing Tool.<span style=\"border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit;\">\u00a0Optical Engineering<\/span>, 2010; 49:7.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 3px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; list-style-type: decimal;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana,geneva,sans-serif;\">12. Nadim A.How to Write a Scientific Paper?<span style=\"border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit;\">\u00a0Ain Shams Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology<\/span>, 2005; 2:256\u2013258.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 3px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; list-style-type: decimal;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana,geneva,sans-serif;\">13. The University of Adelaide. Writing an Abstract. [Accessed: July 20, 2011] Available from:\u00a0<a style=\"border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; color: #1b609a;\" href=\"http:\/\/www.adelaide.edu.au\/clpd\/all\/learning_guides\/learningGuide_writingAnAbstract.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/www.adelaide.edu.au\/clpd\/all\/learning_guides\/learningGuide_writingAnAbstract.pdf<\/a>.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 3px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; list-style-type: decimal;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana,geneva,sans-serif;\">14. The Writing Center, University of North Carolina. Abstracts. [Accessed: July 20, 2011] Available from:\u00a0<a style=\"border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; color: #1b609a;\" href=\"http:\/\/writingcenter.unc.edu\/handouts\/abstracts\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/writingcenter.unc.edu\/handouts\/abstracts\/<\/a>.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 3px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; list-style-type: decimal;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana,geneva,sans-serif;\">15. US National Library of Medicine. Structured Abstracts. [Accessed: July 20, 2011] Available from:\u00a0<a style=\"border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; color: #1b609a;\" href=\"http:\/\/www.nlm.nih.gov\/bsd\/policy\/structured_abstracts.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/www.nlm.nih.gov\/bsd\/policy\/structured_abstracts.html<\/a>.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 3px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; list-style-type: decimal;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana,geneva,sans-serif;\">16. Emerald Group Publishing Limited. How to Write an Abstract. [Accessed: July 20, 2011] Available from:\u00a0<a style=\"border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; color: #1b609a;\" href=\"http:\/\/www.emeraldinsight.com\/authors\/guides\/write\/abstracts.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/www.emeraldinsight.com\/authors\/guides\/write\/abstracts.htm<\/a>.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 3px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; list-style-type: decimal;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana,geneva,sans-serif;\">17. Cordova S. How to Write a Scientific Paper.[Accessed: July 20, 2011] Available from:\u00a0<a style=\"border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; color: #1b609a;\" href=\"http:\/\/www.nmas.org\/JAhowto.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/www.nmas.org\/JAhowto.html<\/a>.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 3px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; list-style-type: decimal;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana,geneva,sans-serif;\">18. Council of Science Editors. Journal Style and Format. In Council of Science Editors(Eds.),<span style=\"border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit;\">Scientific Style and Format: The CSE Manual for Authors, Editors, and Publishers<\/span>,7th Edition (p. 460). Reston, VA: Rockefeller University Press, 2006.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Key Highlights Without the title, abstract, and keywords\u2014the key marketing tools for research papers\u2014most papers may never be read or even found by interested readers. Good research paper titles (typically 10\u201312 words long)\u00a0use descriptive terms and phrases that accurately highlight the core content of the paper. \u00a0The abstract should provide a quick and accurate summary [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":10,"featured_media":45317,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[2387],"tags":[2477,2578,269],"new_categories":[],"new_tags":[],"series":[],"class_list":["post-2003","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-title-abstract-keywords","tag-abstract","tag-keywords-in-research-paper","tag-manuscript-title"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v25.0 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>How to Write an Effective Title and Abstract and Select the Right Keywords | Editage 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