{"id":2645,"date":"2019-05-21T06:51:01","date_gmt":"2019-05-21T06:51:01","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.editage.com\/insights\/6-actionable-tips-to-improve-academic-writing\/"},"modified":"2025-01-15T06:35:14","modified_gmt":"2025-01-15T06:35:14","slug":"6-actionable-tips-to-improve-academic-writing","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.editage.com\/insights\/6-actionable-tips-to-improve-academic-writing","title":{"rendered":"6 Actionable tips to improve academic writing"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt\"><span style=\"tab-stops:17.0pt 34.0pt\"><span style=\"font-family:Georgia,serif\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-size:11.0pt\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Verdana&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;\">When emailing or texting a friend, you hardly give a thought to the quality of writing; you focus on the contents. Similarly, when talking to friends or engaging in informal conversations, your accent or pronunciation hardly matters. However, when it comes to writing a research proposal, an assignment, or an academic paper, you tend to worry: you wonder whether you are making errors of spelling, grammar, punctuation, or word usage; you are concerned about making a good impression on your readers; and you want to convey your views and information to your readers clearly and concisely\u2014just as you worry about your voice, dress, and posture in giving a speech.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt\"><span style=\"tab-stops:17.0pt 34.0pt\"><span style=\"font-family:Georgia,serif\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-size:11.0pt\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Verdana&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;\">Academic writing is different from informal writing because, as the<i> Oxford Learner\u2019s Dictionary of Academic English<\/i><sup>1<\/sup> puts it, academic language is <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt\"><span style=\"tab-stops:17.0pt 34.0pt\"><span style=\"font-family:Georgia,serif\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-size:11.0pt\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Verdana&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;\">concise,<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt\"><span style=\"tab-stops:17.0pt 34.0pt\"><span style=\"font-family:Georgia,serif\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-size:11.0pt\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Verdana&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;\">formal,<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt\"><span style=\"tab-stops:17.0pt 34.0pt\"><span style=\"font-family:Georgia,serif\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-size:11.0pt\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Verdana&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;\">precise,<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt\"><span style=\"tab-stops:17.0pt 34.0pt\"><span style=\"font-family:Georgia,serif\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-size:11.0pt\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Verdana&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;\">impersonal,<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt\"><span style=\"tab-stops:17.0pt 34.0pt\"><span style=\"font-family:Georgia,serif\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-size:11.0pt\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Verdana&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;\">tentative, and<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt\"><span style=\"tab-stops:17.0pt 34.0pt\"><span style=\"font-family:Georgia,serif\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-size:11.0pt\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Verdana&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;\">carefully structured. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt\"><span style=\"tab-stops:17.0pt 34.0pt\"><span style=\"font-family:Georgia,serif\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-size:11.0pt\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Verdana&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;\">You should keep these differences in mind if you want to be better at academic writing, and this article illustrates the above differences with examples.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt\"><span style=\"tab-stops:17.0pt 34.0pt\"><span style=\"font-family:Georgia,serif\"><b><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-size:11.0pt\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Verdana&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;\">1. Avoid wasting words: convert abstract nouns to verbs; watch out for redundant expressions.<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt\"><span style=\"tab-stops:17.0pt 34.0pt\"><span style=\"font-family:Georgia,serif\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-size:11.0pt\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Verdana&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;\">Good academic writing is concise. Research papers, short communications, case reports, and several other categories that journals use often have word limits, which is why you should avoid repetition of information.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt\"><span style=\"tab-stops:17.0pt 34.0pt\"><span style=\"font-family:Georgia,serif\"><u><i><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-size:11.0pt\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Verdana&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;\">Repetitious information<\/span><\/span><\/i><\/u><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-size:11.0pt\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Verdana&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;\"><u>.<\/u> Authors often repeat themselves in three common ways: <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt\"><span style=\"tab-stops:17.0pt 34.0pt\"><span style=\"font-family:Georgia,serif\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-size:11.0pt\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Verdana&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;\">Repeating in the abstract the information already given in the title; by supplying background information in the abstract \u2013 where it is not required For example, if a paper is titled \u2018A new method to control rats\u2019, it is pointless for the abstract of that paper to begin thus: \u2018A new method of controlling rats was evaluated.\u2019 Similarly, in the same fictitious paper, the abstract should not give any information on the extent of damage caused by rats, on the pathogens they carry, and so on.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt\"><span style=\"tab-stops:17.0pt 34.0pt\"><span style=\"font-family:Georgia,serif\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-size:11.0pt\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Verdana&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;\">Repeating the same information again in the Introduction section&nbsp;<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt\"><span style=\"tab-stops:17.0pt 34.0pt\"><span style=\"font-family:Georgia,serif\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-size:11.0pt\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Verdana&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;\">Paraphrasing and presenting in text the information already given in a table. For instance, if the same paper has a table that gives data on percentage mortality in rats due to five chemicals, it is superfluous to say in the accompanying text that the mortality due to chemical A was x%, that due to chemical B was y%, that due to chemical C was z%, and so on.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt\"><span style=\"tab-stops:17.0pt 34.0pt\"><span style=\"font-family:Georgia,serif\"><u><i><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-size:11.0pt\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Verdana&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;\">Action verbs<\/span><\/span><\/i><\/u><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-size:11.0pt\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Verdana&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;\">&nbsp;&#8211; A simple way to avoid using too many words is to shun the \u2018tion\u2019: instead of \u2018We carried out an exploration\u2019, say \u2018We explored\u2019; write \u201880% of the seeds germinated\u2019 and not \u2018germination was 80%\u2019; and replace \u2018the incubation temperature for the culture was 29 \u00b0C\u2019 with \u2018the culture was incubated at 29 \u00b0C\u2019. Helen Sword, who has carried out extensive research on academic writing,<sup>2<\/sup> calls such nouns \u2018zombie\u2019<\/span><\/span><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-size:11.0pt\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Verdana&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;\"> nouns: watch her entertaining <a href=\"https:\/\/ed.ted.com\/on\/eJKYN8dx\">video<\/a><\/span><\/span><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-size:11.0pt\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Verdana&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;\">.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt\"><span style=\"tab-stops:17.0pt 34.0pt\"><span style=\"font-family:Georgia,serif\"><u><i><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-size:11.0pt\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Verdana&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;\">Redundant expressions<\/span><\/span><\/i><\/u><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-size:11.0pt\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Verdana&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;\">&nbsp;&#8211;&nbsp;<\/span><\/span><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-size:11.0pt\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Verdana&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;\">Why use two words when one will do and when both the expressions say the same thing? For example, \u2018most specimens were blue in colour\u2019 (well, they could not have been blue in shape!) or \u2018roots penetrate into the soil to a depth of 5 metres\u2019 (<i>penetrate<\/i> alone does the job) or \u2018the differences were statistically significant at 1% level\u2019 (delete<i> statistically<\/i>). And always avoid pairing \u2019for example\u2019, \u2018including\u2019, and \u2018such as\u2019 with \u2018etc.\u2019: all these terms imply that the list is not exhaustive but indicative. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt\"><span style=\"tab-stops:17.0pt 34.0pt\"><span style=\"font-family:Georgia,serif\"><b><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-size:11.0pt\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Verdana&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;\">2. Avoid contractions and colloquial expressions.<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt\"><span style=\"tab-stops:17.0pt 34.0pt\"><span style=\"font-family:Georgia,serif\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-size:11.0pt\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Verdana&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;\">Good academic writing is formal whereas such contractions as<i> isn\u2019t<\/i> and<i> can\u2019t<\/i> and<i> \u2019phone<\/i>, for example, typically mark the writing as informal\u2014use<i> is not<\/i>,<i> cannot<\/i>, and<i> telephone<\/i> instead.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt\"><span style=\"tab-stops:17.0pt 34.0pt\"><span style=\"font-family:Georgia,serif\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-size:11.0pt\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Verdana&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;\">Using colloquial expressions correctly (or, \u2018getting them right\u2019, to use the informal expression) may mark you as an expert user of language but remember that research papers are meant for an international audience, and many of your readers may not understand you, because colloquial expressions are always local and specific to a given variety of English (British, American, Australian, and so on, each of which also has many regional varieties). <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt\"><span style=\"tab-stops:17.0pt 34.0pt\"><span style=\"font-family:Georgia,serif\"><b><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-size:11.0pt\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Verdana&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;\">3. Use the exact words or phrases that capture what you want to say.<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt\"><span style=\"tab-stops:17.0pt 34.0pt\"><span style=\"font-family:Georgia,serif\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-size:11.0pt\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Verdana&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;\">Good academic English is precise\u2014and so is good science. In fact, it is the emphasis on numbers, on measuring and counting, that separates science from other pursuits. Every subject has its technical vocabulary, which evolves to express the concepts, physical objects, situations, etc. that are specific to each subject, and using the correct word also signals your familiarity with that subject: a font and a typeface or kerning and tracking are not the same to a typographer; a dairy farmer knows the difference between a heifer and a cow; and an entomologist will not refer to a spider as an insect.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt\"><span style=\"tab-stops:17.0pt 34.0pt\"><span style=\"font-family:Georgia,serif\"><b><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-size:11.0pt\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Verdana&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;\">4. Maintain an objective, detached tone.<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt\"><span style=\"tab-stops:17.0pt 34.0pt\"><span style=\"font-family:Georgia,serif\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-size:11.0pt\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Verdana&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;\">Good academic English is impersonal although that does not mean turgid or boring. Although the use of the first person in research papers is more common now \u2013 some journals even encourage it \u2013 the passive voice continues to be preferred in many more journals (\u2018the observations were recorded\u2019 and not \u2018we recorded the observations\u2019; \u2018It is widely believed\u2019 and not \u2018many researchers believe\u2019; \u2018a survey was undertaken\u2019 and not \u2018we surveyed\u2019; and so on). The passive voice is preferred in some cases because the focus is on the action and not on the actor: what was done is usually more important that who did it.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt\"><span style=\"tab-stops:17.0pt 34.0pt\"><span style=\"font-family:Georgia,serif\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-size:11.0pt\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Verdana&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;\">A more glaring violation of the convention to use an impersonal tone is the use of such adjectives as \u2018interesting\u2019 and \u2018remarkable\u2019: let your readers decide for themselves whether they find your results interesting or remarkable.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt\"><span style=\"page-break-after:avoid\"><span style=\"tab-stops:17.0pt 34.0pt\"><span style=\"font-family:Georgia,serif\"><b><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-size:11.0pt\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Verdana&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;\">5. Use qualifiers but in moderation.<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt\"><span style=\"tab-stops:17.0pt 34.0pt\"><span style=\"font-family:Georgia,serif\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-size:11.0pt\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Verdana&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;\">Although science searches for truth, scientists are also aware that universal truths are few; as new facts come to light, what was believed to be true until that point may change. More powerful microscopes and more sensitive instruments and analytical methods reveal facets of the material world that would have been impossible to know earlier. It is for these reasons that emphatic language is seldom used in science: such language makes good advertising or marketing copy but is frowned upon in research papers\u2014which are often peppered with such phrases as \u2018to our knowledge\u2019, \u2018under laboratory conditions\u2019, and \u2018it is likely that\u2019.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt\"><span style=\"tab-stops:17.0pt 34.0pt\"><span style=\"font-family:Georgia,serif\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-size:11.0pt\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Verdana&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;\">However, such tentative language, or \u2018hedging\u2019, may be taken too far: only one such qualifying phrase in a phrase is enough. Do not, for instance, combine \u2018may\u2019 with \u2018possible\u2019, \u2018indicate\u2019, or \u2018suggests\u2019, as in \u2018It may be possible that\u2019, \u2018These observations may indicate that\u2019, or \u2018Such features probably suggest that\u2019. Excessive hedging makes your prose weak. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt\"><span style=\"tab-stops:17.0pt 34.0pt\"><span style=\"font-family:Georgia,serif\"><b><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-size:11.0pt\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Verdana&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;\">6. Organize your paper to help readers.<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt\"><span style=\"tab-stops:17.0pt 34.0pt\"><span style=\"font-family:Georgia,serif\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-size:11.0pt\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Verdana&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;\">Good academic writing is structured and organized logically. In many disciplines, journals require authors to follow the IMRaD<sup>3<\/sup> structure (introduction, materials and methods, results, and discussion). However, some organization is required even within such structure. For example, it is a good practice to follow the same sequence of headings used in the methods section for the results section, which makes it easier for readers to read the details of one experiment and connect them to the results of the same experiment. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt\"><span style=\"tab-stops:17.0pt 34.0pt\"><span style=\"font-family:Georgia,serif\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-size:11.0pt\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Verdana&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;\">Similarly, the introduction section is often organized into a sequence that leads from the broad to the narrow and ends with specific objectives of the research being reported or specific questions being answered.<sup>4<\/sup><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt\"><span style=\"tab-stops:17.0pt 34.0pt\"><span style=\"font-family:Georgia,serif\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-size:11.0pt\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Verdana&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;\">Remember that writing is a skill that can be acquired with systematic practice.<sup>5<\/sup> Academic writing is one kind of writing and has its conventions and standards: reviewers expect you to be familiar with them, and if you meet these expectations, you will make a better impression on your reviewers. Here\u2019s wishing you every success.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt\"><strong><span style=\"font-size:12pt\"><span style=\"tab-stops:17.0pt 34.0pt\"><span style=\"font-family:Georgia,serif\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-size:11.0pt\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Verdana&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;\">Related reading:<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.editage.com\/insights\/5-practical-tips-for-writing-your-first-scientific-paper-download-publication-schedule-planner\/\">5 Practical tips for writing your first scientific paper [Download publication schedule planner]<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;\">\n<p style=\"margin:0in 0in 10pt\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.editage.com\/insights\/using-the-active-and-passive-voice-in-research-writing\/\"><span style=\"font-size:11pt\"><span style=\"line-height:115%\"><span style=\"font-family:Calibri,sans-serif\">Using the active and passive voice in research writing<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt\"><span style=\"tab-stops:17.0pt 34.0pt\"><span style=\"font-family:Georgia,serif\"><b><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-size:11.0pt\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Verdana&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;\">References:<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt\"><span style=\"tab-stops:17.0pt 34.0pt\"><span style=\"font-family:Georgia,serif\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-size:11.0pt\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Verdana&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;\">1.<i> Oxford Learner\u2019s Dictionary of Academic English<\/i>. 2014. Oxford: Oxford University Press. &lt;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com\/definition\/academic\/\">https:\/\/www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com\/definition\/academic\/&gt;<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt\"><span style=\"tab-stops:17.0pt 34.0pt\"><span style=\"font-family:Georgia,serif\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-size:11.0pt\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Verdana&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;\">2. Sword H. 2012.<i> Stylish Academic Writing<\/i>. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. 220 pp.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt\"><span style=\"tab-stops:17.0pt 34.0pt\"><span style=\"font-family:Georgia,serif\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-size:11.0pt\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Verdana&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;\">3. Rajagopalan J. 2014. Tips for writing the perfect IMRAD manuscript<\/span><\/span><br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.editage.com\/insights\/tips-for-writing-the-perfect-imrad-manuscript\/\" style=\"color:blue; text-decoration:underline\"><span style=\"font-size:11.0pt\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Verdana&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;\"><span style=\"color:black\"><span style=\"text-decoration:none\"><span style=\"text-underline:none\">&lt;www.editage.com\/insights\/tips-for-writing-the-perfect-imrad-manuscript<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-size:11.0pt\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Verdana&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;\"><span style=\"color:black\">&gt;<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt\"><span style=\"tab-stops:17.0pt 34.0pt\"><span style=\"font-family:Georgia,serif\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-size:11.0pt\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Verdana&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;\">4. Joshi Y. 2018. 4 Step approach to writing the Introduction section of a research paper. &lt;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.editage.com\/insights\/4-step-approach-to-writing-the-introduction-section-of-a-research-paper&gt;\">https:\/\/www.editage.com\/insights\/4-step-approach-to-writing-the-introduc&#8230;<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt\"><span style=\"tab-stops:17.0pt 34.0pt\"><span style=\"font-family:Georgia,serif\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-size:11.0pt\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Verdana&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;\">5. Joshi Y. 2007. A systematic approach to improving writing skills. <i>Current Science<\/i> <b>92<\/b>: 1343\u20131344 &lt;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.currentscience.ac.in\/Downloads\/article_id_092_10_1343_1344_0.pdf&gt;\">https:\/\/www.currentscience.ac.in\/Downloads\/article_id_092_10_1343_1344_0&#8230;<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>When emailing or texting a friend, you hardly give a thought to the quality of writing; you focus on the contents. Similarly, when talking to friends or engaging in informal conversations, your accent or pronunciation hardly matters. However, when it comes to writing a research proposal, an assignment, or an academic paper, you tend to [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":18,"featured_media":33313,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[2375],"tags":[2605,2636,212],"new_categories":[],"new_tags":[],"series":[],"class_list":["post-2645","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-grammar-language","tag-academic-writing","tag-grammar-tips","tag-language-tips"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v25.0 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>6 Actionable tips to improve academic writing | Editage Insights<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Tips for researchers to improve academic writing and scientific writing to produce well-written research 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