{"id":29662,"date":"2026-03-06T08:57:34","date_gmt":"2026-03-06T03:27:34","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.editage.com\/insights\/?p=29662"},"modified":"2026-03-04T13:22:27","modified_gmt":"2026-03-04T07:52:27","slug":"chicago-citation-formatting-style-guide","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.editage.com\/insights\/chicago-citation-formatting-style-guide","title":{"rendered":"Chicago Style Citations: Format Citations as per the Chicago Manual of Style"},"content":{"rendered":"\r\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Here\u2019s\u00a0something for\u00a0the humanities\u00a0and social science researchers out there! If\u00a0you\u2019ve\u00a0used style guides like\u202fAPA\u202for MLA, you know that they give you one citation style to follow: author-date or author-page number, respectively. But the\u202fChicago Manual of Style\u00a0[1], one of the\u202fmost authoritative resources for publishers, editors, and authors, offers authors\u202f<\/span><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">two\u202f<\/span><\/i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">citation styles to choose from! Which do you choose? And why?\u00a0We\u2019ve got\u00a0some answers for you.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:false,&quot;134233118&quot;:false,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335557856&quot;:16777215,&quot;335559738&quot;:150,&quot;335559739&quot;:180,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><a href=\"#cmos-def\">What is the Chicago Manual of Style<\/a>\u00a0<\/p>\r\n<p><a href=\"#cmos-changes\">Changes in\u00a0Chicago Style Formatting Guidelines\u00a0(18th\u00a0Edition)\u00a0<\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><a href=\"#cmos-types\">Types\u00a0of\u00a0Chicago Style\u00a0Citations<\/a>\u00a0<\/p>\r\n<p><a href=\"#cmos-ref\">Chicago Reference List Formatting\u00a0Guidelines<\/a>\u00a0<\/p>\r\n<p><a href=\"#cmos-format\">General Formatting Guidelines in Chicago: Key Aspects<\/a>\u00a0<\/p>\r\n<h2 id=\"cmos-def\" style=\"padding-top: 80px; margin-top: -80px;\">What is the Chicago Manual of Style?<\/h2>\r\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">But first, the basics.\u00a0What is the Chicago Manual of Style?\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:false,&quot;134233118&quot;:false,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335557856&quot;:16777215,&quot;335559738&quot;:150,&quot;335559739&quot;:180,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Introduced in 1906,\u00a0the Chicago Manual of Style, also called CMOS or simply Chicago Style,\u00a0provides detailed instructions on preparing\u00a0manuscripts for journal submissions, book manuscripts, essays, and other academic documents. The style guide\u00a0includes guidelines for grammar usage, punctuation, formatting, citations, and more.\u00a0The most recent\u00a018<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">th<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0edition of the Chicago style guide was released in\u00a0September\u00a02024.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:false,&quot;134233118&quot;:false,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335557856&quot;:16777215,&quot;335559738&quot;:150,&quot;335559739&quot;:180,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n<h2 id=\"cmos-changes\" style=\"padding-top: 80px; margin-top: -80px;\">Changes in\u00a0Chicago Style Formatting Guidelines\u00a0(18th\u00a0Edition)<\/h2>\r\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">The 18<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">th<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0edition\u00a0of the Chicago style guide has brought in several key changes\u00a0in style and format\u00a0and also\u00a0introduced new guidance\u00a0[2]. For example, you will now find clear instructions on\u00a0handling\u00a0artificial\u00a0intelligence (AI)\u00a0sources\u00a0and copyright, citing AI-generated images,\u00a0and the\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">responsibility of authors to specify whether,\u00a0and to what extent,\u00a0AI\u00a0was\u00a0used in their work<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:false,&quot;134233118&quot;:false,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335557856&quot;:16777215,&quot;335559738&quot;:150,&quot;335559739&quot;:180,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Here are a few\u00a0key changes to note:<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:false,&quot;134233118&quot;:false,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335557856&quot;:16777215,&quot;335559738&quot;:150,&quot;335559739&quot;:180,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span data-contrast=\"auto\">You can list up to six authors in\u00a0a reference list entry. For more than six authors, mention the names of first three authors followed by \u201cet al.\u201d<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:false,&quot;134233118&quot;:false,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335557856&quot;:16777215,&quot;335559685&quot;:360,&quot;335559738&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Section subheadings can either\u00a0be\u00a0in title case or sentence\u00a0case;\u00a0but make sure it stays consistent throughout the manuscript.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:false,&quot;134233118&quot;:false,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335557856&quot;:16777215,&quot;335559685&quot;:360,&quot;335559738&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span data-contrast=\"auto\">In any given complete sentence, the first letter of the word after a colon should be capitalized.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:false,&quot;134233118&quot;:false,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335557856&quot;:16777215,&quot;335559685&quot;:360,&quot;335559738&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Use\u00a0the\u00a0en\u00a0dash instead of\u00a0a\u00a0hyphen when writing compound names (e.g.,\u00a0Runge\u2013Kutta\u00a0method).<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:false,&quot;134233118&quot;:false,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335557856&quot;:16777215,&quot;335559685&quot;:360,&quot;335559738&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span data-contrast=\"auto\">The acknowledgements in books can now be placed in the back matter rather than in the front matter.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:false,&quot;134233118&quot;:false,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335557856&quot;:16777215,&quot;335559685&quot;:360,&quot;335559738&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span data-contrast=\"auto\">You need not mention the place of publication for books published after 1900.\u00a0For books published before\u00a01900, the name of the publisher\u00a0may be excluded; but the date of publication and the city or state of publication\u00a0should\u00a0be mentioned.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:false,&quot;134233118&quot;:false,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335557856&quot;:16777215,&quot;335559685&quot;:360,&quot;335559738&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span data-contrast=\"auto\">If\u00a0you\u2019ve\u00a0used AI-generated content,\u00a0disclose\u00a0its use along with generation dates and versions of the tools\/platforms used for\u00a0generating content.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:false,&quot;134233118&quot;:false,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335557856&quot;:16777215,&quot;335559685&quot;:360,&quot;335559738&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2 id=\"cmos-types\" style=\"padding-top: 80px; margin-top: -80px;\">Types\u00a0of\u00a0Chicago\u00a0Style\u00a0Citations<\/h2>\r\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Like mentioned\u00a0earlier, Chicago\u00a0offers two citation styles for authors to\u00a0choose.\u00a0The purpose is to let authors decide which style suits\u00a0best for their manuscript\u00a0depending on the discipline.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:false,&quot;134233118&quot;:false,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335557856&quot;:16777215,&quot;335559738&quot;:150,&quot;335559739&quot;:180,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n<h3>Chicago Citation Style 1: Author-Date Style<\/h3>\r\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0<\/span><b><\/b>\u00a0<br \/><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Social science folks, this is the style for you. Your in-text citation consists\u00a0of the\u00a0author\u00a0last names(s), year of publication, and page numbers if the citation\u00a0accompanies\u00a0a direct quote.\u00a0See examples below:<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:false,&quot;134233118&quot;:false,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335557856&quot;:16777215,&quot;335559738&quot;:150,&quot;335559739&quot;:180,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span data-contrast=\"none\">(Al-Bahadur 2013)<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:false,&quot;134233118&quot;:false,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335557856&quot;:16777215,&quot;335559685&quot;:360,&quot;335559738&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span data-contrast=\"none\">(Laurence, Shah, and Tupsy 2019<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">)<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:false,&quot;134233118&quot;:false,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335557856&quot;:16777215,&quot;335559685&quot;:360,&quot;335559738&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span data-contrast=\"auto\">According to Duckworth et al. (2020, 65\u201366), \u201cthe absence of any regulatory mechanisms must necessarily result in \u2026\u201d<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:false,&quot;134233118&quot;:false,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335557856&quot;:16777215,&quot;335559685&quot;:360,&quot;335559738&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">When\u00a0you\u2019re\u00a0citing a work with\u00a0four\u00a0or more authors, your in-text citation has the name of only the first author, followed by \u201cet al.\u201d\u202f\u00a0(not in\u00a0italics).<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:false,&quot;134233118&quot;:false,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335557856&quot;:16777215,&quot;335559738&quot;:150,&quot;335559739&quot;:180,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n<h3>Chicago Citation Style 2: Notes and Bibliography<\/h3>\r\n<p><br \/><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Folks specializing in literature, art history, media studies, etc.\u2014you\u00a0probably have\u00a0a pretty long paper to write, with lots of citations. Or\u00a0maybe you\u2019re\u00a0writing a monograph or\u00a0a\u00a0book. Will your readers find it easy to navigate to a single reference list at the end?\u00a0That\u2019s\u00a0why the Chicago Manual of Style gives you the\u00a0option\u00a0to use the \u201cnotes and bibliography\u201d citation style.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:false,&quot;134233118&quot;:false,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335557856&quot;:16777215,&quot;335559738&quot;:150,&quot;335559739&quot;:180,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span data-contrast=\"auto\">In-text citations go into footnotes placed at the bottom of every page.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335557856&quot;:16777215,&quot;335559685&quot;:360,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Indicate footnotes using a superscript number.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335557856&quot;:16777215,&quot;335559685&quot;:360,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Footnote numbers are placed at the end of the sentence after any punctuation mark.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335557856&quot;:16777215,&quot;335559685&quot;:360,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">And\u00a0at\u00a0the end, you create a separate Bibliography.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:false,&quot;134233118&quot;:false,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335557856&quot;:16777215,&quot;335559738&quot;:150,&quot;335559739&quot;:180,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Chicago style notes can be of two types:<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:false,&quot;134233118&quot;:false,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335557856&quot;:16777215,&quot;335559738&quot;:150,&quot;335559739&quot;:180,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">1. Full Notes: Used the first time you cite a source<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335557856&quot;:16777215,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">2. Short Notes: For subsequent citations of a source<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335557856&quot;:16777215,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><b><i><span data-contrast=\"none\">Full Notes in Chicago Style<\/span><\/i><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:false,&quot;134233118&quot;:false,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335557856&quot;:16777215,&quot;335559738&quot;:150,&quot;335559739&quot;:180,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Full notes provide complete details of the work being cited.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:false,&quot;134233118&quot;:false,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335557856&quot;:16777215,&quot;335559738&quot;:150,&quot;335559739&quot;:180,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Here\u2019s\u00a0an example:<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:false,&quot;134233118&quot;:false,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335557856&quot;:16777215,&quot;335559738&quot;:150,&quot;335559739&quot;:180,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Mary\u00a0Gibberyfish,\u202f<\/span><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">The Little Dog Laughed: Trials of a Kennel Maid<\/span><\/i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">,\u202f2nd ed. (London:\u202fGoandfindout\u00a0Press,\u202f2020),\u202f87\u201398.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:false,&quot;134233118&quot;:false,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335557856&quot;:16777215,&quot;335559738&quot;:150,&quot;335559739&quot;:180,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><b><i><span data-contrast=\"none\">Short Notes in Chicago Style<\/span><\/i><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:false,&quot;134233118&quot;:false,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335557856&quot;:16777215,&quot;335559738&quot;:150,&quot;335559739&quot;:180,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Short notes are used when\u00a0you\u2019re\u00a0citing the same work as you did earlier in the text.\u00a0They\u2019re meant to save you time and effort in providing the same details again and again.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:false,&quot;134233118&quot;:false,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335557856&quot;:16777215,&quot;335559738&quot;:150,&quot;335559739&quot;:180,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Example:<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:false,&quot;134233118&quot;:false,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335557856&quot;:16777215,&quot;335559738&quot;:150,&quot;335559739&quot;:180,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Gibberyfish,\u202f<\/span><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Little Dog<\/span><\/i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">. 121\u2013122.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:false,&quot;134233118&quot;:false,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335557856&quot;:16777215,&quot;335559738&quot;:150,&quot;335559739&quot;:180,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Too much work? Just use \u201cibid.\u201d\u00a0(= in the same place) when\u202fyour footnote repeats that appears\u00a0immediately\u00a0prior. Even if the page numbers are different, we can still use \u201cibid.\u201d\u00a0followed by a comma and then the new page numbers.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:false,&quot;134233118&quot;:false,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335557856&quot;:16777215,&quot;335559738&quot;:150,&quot;335559739&quot;:180,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n<h2 id=\"cmos-ref\" style=\"padding-top: 80px; margin-top: -80px;\">Chicago Reference List Formatting\u00a0Guidelines<\/h2>\r\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Just like the two citation styles, Chicago\u00a0guidelines let you list\u00a0references in two formats:\u00a0bibliography\u00a0and\u00a0reference list.\u00a0Bibliography is used when you use footnotes as citations,\u00a0whereas\u00a0the author-date citation style should always be accompanied by a reference list.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:false,&quot;134233118&quot;:false,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335557856&quot;:16777215,&quot;335559738&quot;:150,&quot;335559739&quot;:180,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">In both formats,\u00a0the works cited in the manuscript are listed at the end of the paper,\u00a0but the difference lies in\u00a0the placement of the year of publication in\u00a0each\u00a0entry.\u00a0In the reference list,\u00a0the publication year is written right after the author\u2019s name to match how the in-text citation\u00a0is\u00a0displayed\u00a0in\u00a0the\u00a0author-date style. See below examples.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:false,&quot;134233118&quot;:false,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335557856&quot;:16777215,&quot;335559738&quot;:150,&quot;335559739&quot;:180,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n<h3>Bibliography\u00a0Entry Format<\/h3>\r\n<table data-tablestyle=\"MsoTableGrid\" data-tablelook=\"1184\" aria-rowcount=\"9\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr aria-rowindex=\"1\">\r\n<td colspan=\"2\" data-celllook=\"0\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Journal article<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:false,&quot;134233118&quot;:false,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559738&quot;:150,&quot;335559739&quot;:180,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr aria-rowindex=\"2\">\r\n<td data-celllook=\"0\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Format<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:false,&quot;134233118&quot;:false,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559738&quot;:150,&quot;335559739&quot;:180,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td data-celllook=\"0\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">Author\u00a0last name,\u202ffirst name. \u201cArticle Title.\u201d\u202f<\/span><i><span data-contrast=\"none\">Journal Name\u202f<\/span><\/i><span data-contrast=\"none\">Volume,\u00a0no.\u202fIssue\u202f(Publication\u00a0Year):\u202fPage range.\u202fDOI\/URL.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:false,&quot;134233118&quot;:false,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559738&quot;:150,&quot;335559739&quot;:180,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr aria-rowindex=\"3\">\r\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\" data-celllook=\"0\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Example<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:false,&quot;134233118&quot;:false,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559738&quot;:150,&quot;335559739&quot;:180,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td data-celllook=\"0\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">Ergun,\u00a0Sabri.\u00a0\u201cFluid Flow Through Packed Columns.\u201d\u202f<\/span><i><span data-contrast=\"none\">Chemical\u00a0Engineering\u00a0Progress<\/span><\/i><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u202f48, no. 2 (1952): 89.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:false,&quot;134233118&quot;:false,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559738&quot;:150,&quot;335559739&quot;:180,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr aria-rowindex=\"4\">\r\n<td colspan=\"2\" data-celllook=\"0\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Book<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:false,&quot;134233118&quot;:false,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559738&quot;:150,&quot;335559739&quot;:180,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr aria-rowindex=\"5\">\r\n<td data-celllook=\"0\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Format<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:false,&quot;134233118&quot;:false,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559738&quot;:150,&quot;335559739&quot;:180,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td data-celllook=\"0\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">Author\u00a0first name, last name.\u202f<\/span><i><span data-contrast=\"none\">Book Title:\u00a0Subtitle<\/span><\/i><span data-contrast=\"none\">.\u202fEdition.\u202fPublisher,\u202fYear.\u202fURL.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:false,&quot;134233118&quot;:false,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559738&quot;:150,&quot;335559739&quot;:180,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr aria-rowindex=\"6\">\r\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\" data-celllook=\"0\">\r\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Example<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:false,&quot;134233118&quot;:false,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559738&quot;:150,&quot;335559739&quot;:180,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td data-celllook=\"0\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">A<\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">shley<\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">, Harriet, and M<\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">ichael<\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u00a0M. S<\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">cott<\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">.\u202f<\/span><i><span data-contrast=\"none\">H<\/span><\/i><i><span data-contrast=\"none\">ealed Wounds: A Psychologist\u2019s Perspective<\/span><\/i><span data-contrast=\"none\">. Routledge, 2003.\u202f<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:false,&quot;134233118&quot;:false,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559738&quot;:150,&quot;335559739&quot;:180,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr aria-rowindex=\"7\">\r\n<td colspan=\"2\" data-celllook=\"0\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Website<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:false,&quot;134233118&quot;:false,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559738&quot;:150,&quot;335559739&quot;:180,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr aria-rowindex=\"8\">\r\n<td data-celllook=\"0\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Format<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:false,&quot;134233118&quot;:false,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559738&quot;:150,&quot;335559739&quot;:180,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td data-celllook=\"0\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">Author Last Name, First Name. \u201cPage Title.\u201d Website Name. Month Day, Year. URL.\u202f<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:false,&quot;134233118&quot;:false,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559738&quot;:150,&quot;335559739&quot;:180,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr aria-rowindex=\"9\">\r\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\" data-celllook=\"0\">\r\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Example<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:false,&quot;134233118&quot;:false,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559738&quot;:150,&quot;335559739&quot;:180,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td data-celllook=\"0\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">Joshi,\u00a0Yateendra. \u201cFormatting files for submission\u00a0to journals:\u00a0Part 1.\u201d\u00a0Editage Insights.\u00a0March 26, 2025.\u00a0https:\/\/www.editage.com\/insights\/formatting-files-for-submission-to-journals-part-1.\u202f<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:false,&quot;134233118&quot;:false,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559738&quot;:150,&quot;335559739&quot;:180,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<p><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:false,&quot;134233118&quot;:false,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335557856&quot;:16777215,&quot;335559738&quot;:150,&quot;335559739&quot;:180,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n<h3>Reference\u00a0List\u00a0Entry\u00a0Format<\/h3>\r\n<table data-tablestyle=\"MsoTableGrid\" data-tablelook=\"1184\" aria-rowcount=\"9\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr aria-rowindex=\"1\">\r\n<td colspan=\"2\" data-celllook=\"0\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Journal article<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:false,&quot;134233118&quot;:false,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559738&quot;:150,&quot;335559739&quot;:180,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr aria-rowindex=\"2\">\r\n<td data-celllook=\"0\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Format<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:false,&quot;134233118&quot;:false,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559738&quot;:150,&quot;335559739&quot;:180,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td data-celllook=\"0\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">Author\u00a0last name,\u202ffirst name. Publication year \u201cArticle Title.\u201d\u202f<\/span><i><span data-contrast=\"none\">Journal Name\u202f<\/span><\/i><span data-contrast=\"none\">Volume,\u00a0no.\u202fIssue:\u202fPage range.\u202fDOI\/URL.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:false,&quot;134233118&quot;:false,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559738&quot;:150,&quot;335559739&quot;:180,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr aria-rowindex=\"3\">\r\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\" data-celllook=\"0\">\r\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Example<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:false,&quot;134233118&quot;:false,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559738&quot;:150,&quot;335559739&quot;:180,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td data-celllook=\"0\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">Ergun,\u00a0Sabri. 1952.\u00a0\u201cFluid Flow Through Packed Columns.\u201d\u202f<\/span><i><span data-contrast=\"none\">Chemical Engineering Progress<\/span><\/i><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u202f48, no. 2: 89.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:false,&quot;134233118&quot;:false,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559738&quot;:150,&quot;335559739&quot;:180,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr aria-rowindex=\"4\">\r\n<td colspan=\"2\" data-celllook=\"0\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Book<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:false,&quot;134233118&quot;:false,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559738&quot;:150,&quot;335559739&quot;:180,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr aria-rowindex=\"5\">\r\n<td data-celllook=\"0\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Format<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:false,&quot;134233118&quot;:false,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559738&quot;:150,&quot;335559739&quot;:180,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td data-celllook=\"0\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">Author\u00a0first name,\u00a0last name.\u00a0Year of Publication.\u202f<\/span><i><span data-contrast=\"none\">Book Title: Subtitle<\/span><\/i><span data-contrast=\"none\">.\u202fEdition.\u202fPublisher,\u202fURL.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:false,&quot;134233118&quot;:false,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559738&quot;:150,&quot;335559739&quot;:180,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr aria-rowindex=\"6\">\r\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\" data-celllook=\"0\">\r\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Example<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:false,&quot;134233118&quot;:false,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559738&quot;:150,&quot;335559739&quot;:180,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td data-celllook=\"0\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">A<\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">shley<\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">, Harriet, and\u00a0M<\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">ichael<\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u00a0M.\u00a0S<\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">cott<\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">.\u202f2003.\u00a0<\/span><i><span data-contrast=\"none\">H<\/span><\/i><i><span data-contrast=\"none\">ealed Wounds: A Psychologist\u2019s\u00a0Perspective<\/span><\/i><span data-contrast=\"none\">. Routledge.\u202f<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:false,&quot;134233118&quot;:false,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559738&quot;:150,&quot;335559739&quot;:180,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr aria-rowindex=\"7\">\r\n<td colspan=\"2\" data-celllook=\"0\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Website<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:false,&quot;134233118&quot;:false,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559738&quot;:150,&quot;335559739&quot;:180,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr aria-rowindex=\"8\">\r\n<td data-celllook=\"0\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Format<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:false,&quot;134233118&quot;:false,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559738&quot;:150,&quot;335559739&quot;:180,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td data-celllook=\"0\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">Author Last Name, First Name. Year. \u201cPage Title.\u201d Website Name. URL.\u202f<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:false,&quot;134233118&quot;:false,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559738&quot;:150,&quot;335559739&quot;:180,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr aria-rowindex=\"9\">\r\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\" data-celllook=\"0\">\r\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Example<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:false,&quot;134233118&quot;:false,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559738&quot;:150,&quot;335559739&quot;:180,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td data-celllook=\"0\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">Joshi,\u00a0Yateendra.\u00a02025.\u00a0\u201cFormatting files for submission\u00a0to journals:\u00a0Part 1.\u201d Editage Insights. https:\/\/www.editage.com\/insights\/formatting-files-for-submission-to-journals-part-1.\u202f<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:false,&quot;134233118&quot;:false,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559738&quot;:150,&quot;335559739&quot;:180,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<h2 id=\"cmos-format\" style=\"padding-top: 80px; margin-top: -80px;\">General Formatting Guidelines in Chicago: Key Aspects<\/h2>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Use a legible font type and size (e.g., Times New Roman\u00a012\u00a0pt).<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:false,&quot;134233118&quot;:false,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335557856&quot;:16777215,&quot;335559685&quot;:360,&quot;335559738&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Keep 1-inch margins on all sides of the page.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:false,&quot;134233118&quot;:false,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335557856&quot;:16777215,&quot;335559685&quot;:360,&quot;335559738&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span data-contrast=\"auto\">The main text should\u00a0be left-aligned and\u00a0follow\u00a0double line spacing, with each new paragraph beginning with a half-inch indent.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:false,&quot;134233118&quot;:false,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335557856&quot;:16777215,&quot;335559685&quot;:360,&quot;335559738&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Place page numbers either in the top right corner of the page or at the bottom center of the page.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:false,&quot;134233118&quot;:false,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335557856&quot;:16777215,&quot;335559685&quot;:360,&quot;335559738&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span data-contrast=\"auto\">No separate title page is\u00a0required;\u00a0center\u00a0the title at the\u00a0top\u00a0of the page and then begin writing the main text.\u00a0If journals or universities ask for a separate title page, follow those guidelines instead.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p><b><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Give more time for your research, spend less time formatting!<\/span><\/i><\/b><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0<\/span><\/b><b><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Check out\u202fEditage\u2019s\u202f<\/span><\/i><\/b><a href=\"https:\/\/www.editage.com\/services\/research-paper-manuscript-formatting-services?utm_source=editageinsights&amp;utm_medium=article-boilerplate&amp;utm_campaign=202603\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><b><i><span data-contrast=\"none\">Manuscript Formatting Services<\/span><\/i><\/b><\/a><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0<\/span><\/i><b><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">and get\u00a0professional support for journal formatting.<\/span><\/i><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:false,&quot;134233118&quot;:false,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335557856&quot;:16777215,&quot;335559738&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">References<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">1. Chicago-Style Citation Quick Guide <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.chicagomanualofstyle.org\/tools_citationguide.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">https:\/\/www.chicagomanualofstyle.org\/tools_citationguide.html<\/span><\/a><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134245418&quot;:true,&quot;134245529&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:2,&quot;335557856&quot;:16777215,&quot;335559738&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:360}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">2. What\u2019s new in the 18<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">th<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0edition\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.chicagomanualofstyle.org\/help-tools\/what-s-new.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">https:\/\/www.chicagomanualofstyle.org\/help-tools\/what-s-new.html<\/span><\/a><span data-ccp-props=\"{}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.editage.com\/services\/research-paper-manuscript-formatting-services?utm_source=editageinsights&amp;utm_medium=footerbanner&amp;utm_campaign=blog-chicago-manual-of-style-citation-how-to-format-chicago-style-citation\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-37197\" src=\"https:\/\/www.editage.com\/insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/MF-footerbanner-reading-about-formatting.jpg\" alt=\"Manuscript formatting footer banner\" width=\"856\" height=\"200\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.editage.com\/insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/MF-footerbanner-reading-about-formatting.jpg 856w, https:\/\/www.editage.com\/insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/MF-footerbanner-reading-about-formatting-300x70.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.editage.com\/insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/MF-footerbanner-reading-about-formatting-768x179.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.editage.com\/insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/MF-footerbanner-reading-about-formatting-850x200.jpg 850w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 856px) 100vw, 856px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><span data-teams=\"true\">Originally published on August 29, 2024. Revised on March 6, 2026<\/span><\/p>\r\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Learn to format in-text citations according to the Chicago Manual of Style: using the author-date system and the footnotes-bibliography system.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":70612,"featured_media":45171,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[2427],"tags":[2919,2915,2916,2917,2920,2918,2921],"new_categories":[],"new_tags":[],"series":[],"class_list":["post-29662","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-style-format","tag-chicago-bibliography-format","tag-chicago-manual-of-style-citation","tag-chicago-style-citation","tag-chicago-style-footnotes-chicago-endnote-style","tag-chicago-style-referencing","tag-cite-chicago-style","tag-in-text-citation-of-chicago-style"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This 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