{"id":3073,"date":"2019-07-17T12:56:26","date_gmt":"2019-07-17T12:56:26","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.editage.com\/insights\/new-study-reveals-surprising-gender-disparity-in-work-life-balance\/"},"modified":"2025-01-15T06:32:54","modified_gmt":"2025-01-15T06:32:54","slug":"new-study-reveals-surprising-gender-disparity-in-work-life-balance","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.editage.com\/insights\/new-study-reveals-surprising-gender-disparity-in-work-life-balance","title":{"rendered":"New study reveals surprising gender disparity in work\u2013life balance"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"text-align:justify; margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt\"><span style=\"text-justify:inter-ideograph\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif\"><span style=\"font-size:11.0pt\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif\">In recent years, work<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif\">\u2013life balance has become a major focus in industrialized economies for both organizations and their employees. In a brief survey of the existing literature conducted by\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size:11.0pt\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;\">Professor Hideo Noda from the department of Business Economics, School of Management at Tokyo University of Science,<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size:12pt\"><span style=\"text-justify:inter-ideograph\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif\">\u00a0he points out, \u201cMany of the existing studies on <\/span><span style=\"font-size:11.0pt\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif\">work<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif\">\u2013life balance issues have used micro-level data,\u201d whether in terms of company size, gender, management level, stages of individuals\u2019 career, and so forth. He adds, \u201cBecause the implementation of <\/span><span style=\"font-size:11.0pt\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif\">work<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif\">\u2013life balance policies is an international trend in many \u2018developed countries,\u2019 identifying common characteristics across developed countries using internationally comparable data has the potential to yield findings that are beneficial for many countries, rather than being limited to just a few countries.\u201d <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align:justify; margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align:justify; margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt\"><span style=\"text-justify:inter-ideograph\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif\">Accordingly, Prof Noda assembled data from the Organization of Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) Better Life Index in an effort to develop a \u201cmacro-level\u201d perspective on \u201clife satisfaction elasticity,\u201d which is a measure of changes in life satisfaction resulting from changes in efforts to improve <\/span><span style=\"font-size:11.0pt\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif\">work<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif\">\u2013life balance. Over a database representing both women and men in 34 OECD countries, Professor Noda analyzed the effects of other factors: self-reported health, long-term unemployment, and income inequality<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align:justify; margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align:justify; margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt\"><span style=\"text-justify:inter-ideograph\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif\">Prof Noda mentions that previous studies have taken an economic approach and have concluded that, in manufacturing firms, for example, efforts to improve <\/span><span style=\"font-size:11.0pt\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif\">work<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif\">\u2013life balance, including the introduction of \u201cfamily-friendly\u201d practices, correlated with improved productivity and life satisfaction. One sociological study using data from European countries found, perhaps unsurprisingly, that working hours correlated with \u201cwork\u2013life conflict\u201d or \u201cwork\u2013family conflict.\u201d A similar European study for found a similar impact of working hours, with Norway and Finland exhibiting the lowest levels of negative impact. Another, larger study of 25 European countries found that workplace autonomy and flexibility varied widely in the impact on <\/span><span style=\"font-size:11.0pt\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif\">work<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif\">\u2013life with most negative impact in Eastern European countries, along with the UK, Ireland, Spain, and Italy. Finally, several legal studies have described a wide variety of <\/span><span style=\"font-size:11.0pt\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif\">work<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif\">\u2013life-related practices: family leave, childcare, and labor standards are most favorable in Canada and the European Union; and Japan has an extensive legal framework that supports families, but has yet to address the traditional division of labor according to sex, with men working and women tending to domestic responsibilities.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align:justify; margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align:justify; margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt\"><span style=\"text-justify:inter-ideograph\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif\">Prof Noda sought to increase the number of countries included in his study sample and chose the following measures: leisure and personal time; self-reported health; and long-term unemployment. Respondents were asked to score their quality of life on a scale of 0 (worst possible) to 10 (best possible). The data generated were analyzed separately for women and men.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align:justify; margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align:justify; margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt\"><span style=\"text-justify:inter-ideograph\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif\">Leisure and personal time\u2014the indicator for <\/span><span style=\"font-size:11.0pt\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif\">work<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif\">\u2013life balance\u2014was highest among European Union member countries, with Norway and Denmark scoring notably high on life satisfaction as well as leisure and personal time. Over all 34 countries, scores were similar for women and men.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align:justify; margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align:justify; margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt\"><span style=\"text-justify:inter-ideograph\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif\">Prof Noda also found a rough correlation between GDP and life satisfaction in higher-GDP countries, e.g., EU countries, New Zealand, Australia, Israel, Canada, and the United States.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align:justify; margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align:justify; margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt\"><span style=\"text-justify:inter-ideograph\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif\">Prof Noda then turned to income inequality, as measured \u201cwithin-country\u201d or domestic (among the residents of individual countries) and \u201cbetween-countries,\u201d i.e., international (comparing individual countries with the OECD aggregate). From 2002 to 2005, between-country inequality increased somewhat while within-country inequality showed a more significant increase, leaving Prof Noda to conclude that the rise in international inequality was largely the result of increasing within-country inequality. When income inequality is included in the analysis (Noda\u2019s \u201cextended model\u201d) the additional factor did not have a meaningful impact. While it is perhaps obvious, as Prof Noda writes, \u201cFor people with low levels of happiness . . . income inequality is a serious problem . . . we may not find a significant association between actual income inequality and life satisfaction.\u201d<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align:justify; margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align:justify; margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt\"><span style=\"text-justify:inter-ideograph\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif\">One surprising finding of Prof Noda\u2019s study is that although <\/span><span style=\"font-size:11.0pt\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif\">work<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif\">\u2013life balance accommodations are usually aimed at women\u2019s concerns, men, in fact, demonstrate a higher elasticity, especially for personal and leisure time. This suggests that the time devoted to leisure and personal care is more important to men than it is to women. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align:justify; margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align:justify; margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt\"><span style=\"text-justify:inter-ideograph\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif\"><span style=\"font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif\">In the future, policies that enhance individuals\u2019 life satisfaction can play a major role in improving both productivity and the general well-being of a population. Prof Noda maintains, \u201cThe findings of this study could provide useful suggestions for labor policy design in OECD countries.\u201d On the other hand, although income inequality did not register as statistically significant, more research, accounting for additional variables, may be necessary.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align:justify; margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align:justify; margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt\"><strong>Reference<\/strong><\/p>\n<p name=\"7f08\" id=\"7f08\">Title\u00a0of the original paper: Work\u2013life balance and life satisfaction in OECD countries: A Cross-sectional analysis<\/p>\n<p name=\"7eaf\" id=\"7eaf\">Journal: <em>Journal of Happiness Studies<\/em><\/p>\n<p name=\"54a5\" id=\"54a5\">DOI: <a data-href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10902-019-00131-9\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10902-019-00131-9\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10902-019-00131-9<\/a><\/p>\n<p name=\"2387\" id=\"2387\"><strong>About The Tokyo University of Science<\/strong><br \/><a href=\"http:\/\/https:\/\/www.tus.ac.jp\/en\/\">Tokyo University of Science<\/a> (TUS) is a well-known and respected university, and the largest science-specialized private research university in Japan, with four campuses in central Tokyo and its suburbs and in Hokkaido. Established in 1881, the university has continually contributed to Japan\u2019s development in science through inculcating the love for science in researchers, technicians, and educators.<\/p>\n<p name=\"3358\" id=\"3358\">With a mission of \u201cCreating science and technology for the harmonious development of nature, human beings, and society\u201d, TUS has undertaken a wide range of research from basic to applied science. TUS has embraced a multidisciplinary approach to research and undertaken intensive study in some of today\u2019s most vital fields. TUS is a meritocracy where the best in science is recognized and nurtured. It is the only private university in Japan that has produced a Nobel Prize winner and the only private university in Asia to produce Nobel Prize winners within the natural sciences field.<\/p>\n<p name=\"3358\" id=\"3358\"><strong>About Professor Hideo Noda from Tokyo University of Science<\/strong><br \/>Dr Hideo Noda is a Professor at the Department of Business Economics, School of Management at Tokyo University of Science. Prof Noda has a PhD in Economics from Kyushu University, Japan. He is the sole author of this paper, and has over 35 research publications to his credit. His chief research areas include economics, economic growth, and economic statistics based on Economic Time Series Analysis and Bayesian Modeling.<\/p>\n<p name=\"d43b\" id=\"d43b\"><strong>Media contact<\/strong><br \/>Tsutomu Shimizu<br \/>Email: <a data-href=\"mailto:mediaoffice@admin.tus.ac.jp\" href=\"mailto:mediaoffice@admin.tus.ac.jp\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">mediaoffice@admin.tus.ac.jp<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>In recent years, work\u2013life balance has become a major focus in industrialized economies for both organizations and their employees. In a brief survey of the existing literature conducted by\u00a0Professor Hideo Noda from the department of Business Economics, School of Management at Tokyo University of Science,\u00a0he points out, \u201cMany of the existing studies on work\u2013life balance [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1152,"featured_media":33313,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[2435],"tags":[2482],"new_categories":[],"new_tags":[],"series":[],"class_list":["post-3073","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-trending-research","tag-science-update"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v25.0 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>New study reveals surprising gender disparity in work\u2013life balance | Editage Insights<\/title>\n<meta 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