{"id":384,"date":"2013-10-16T09:26:09","date_gmt":"2013-10-16T09:26:09","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.editage.com\/insights\/using-the-active-and-passive-voice-in-research-writing\/"},"modified":"2025-02-17T11:50:25","modified_gmt":"2025-02-17T11:50:25","slug":"using-the-active-and-passive-voice-in-research-writing","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.editage.com\/insights\/using-the-active-and-passive-voice-in-research-writing","title":{"rendered":"Using the active and passive voice in research writing"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size:14px;\"><span style=\"font-family:verdana,geneva,sans-serif;\">The active voice refers to a sentence format that emphasizes the doer of an action. For example, in the sentence \u201cThe mice inhaled the tobacco-infused aerosol,\u201d the doer, i.e., \u201cthe mice\u201d seem important. On the other hand, in the passive voice, the action being performed is emphasized, and the doer may be omitted, e.g., \u201cThe tobacco-infused aerosol was inhaled (by the mice).\u201d In this construction, \u201cby the mice\u201d can be omitted, which means that the reader already knows or does not need to know who the doer is; only the action is important.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size:14px;\"><span style=\"font-family:verdana,geneva,sans-serif;\">The passive voice lends an impersonal tone, which is perceived to be formal, but can make the text more wordy and difficult to understand, especially when used in long sentences. Until recently, this tone was considered favorable for scientific writing and authors were advised to strictly avoid using the active voice, especially the use of \u201cI\u201d and \u201cwe\u201d in their academic research papers. Compare \u201cIn this study, we investigated the effect of drug X on the serum levels of phosphorus under various conditions\u201d with \u201cIn this study, the effect of drug X on the serum levels of phosphorus was investigated under various conditions.\u201d<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size:14px;\"><span style=\"font-family:verdana,geneva,sans-serif;\">However, nowadays, many authorities are going against this traditional notion and encouraging the use of the active voice, with the view that academic papers should be easy to read and understand. In fact, multidisciplinary SCI-indexed journals like <i>Nature\u00a0<\/i>and specialist journals like the <em>American Journal of Botany<\/em>, in their instructions for authors, state that the active voice is preferred. This is why you would now find the usage \u201cIn this study, we investigated\u2026\u201d very common.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size:14px;\"><span style=\"font-family:verdana,geneva,sans-serif;\">So which should you use? The answer is a combination of both.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size:14px;\"><span style=\"font-family:verdana,geneva,sans-serif;\">The active voice is especially useful in the introduction and discussion sections of your manuscript, where you discuss previous research and then introduce your own. For example, consider the following sentences: \u201cPrevious studies have established that drug X increases the serum levels of calcium in women with osteoporosis. In this study, we investigated the effects of drug X on the serum levels of phosphorus in post-menopausal women.\u201d Here, using the active voice in the second sentence helps the reader make a clear mental transition from <em>previous studies<\/em> to <em>the present study<\/em>.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size:14px;\"><span style=\"font-family:verdana,geneva,sans-serif;\">On the other hand, the passive voice is useful in the Methods section, where the steps taken are more important than the doer. For example, in a surgery document, a reader would prefer \u201cA catheter was inserted for post-operative bladder irrigation\u201d over \u201cWe inserted a catheter for post-operative bladder irrigation.\u201d<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size:14px;\"><span style=\"font-family:verdana,geneva,sans-serif;\">Your guiding principle should be clarity: Think about what information the target reader is looking for, and choose the active voice or the passive voice, whichever will make the text most clear and comprehensible. If you write keeping this in mind, no journal reviewer will need to give you feedback about the active and passive voice.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size:14px;\"><span style=\"font-family:verdana,geneva,sans-serif;\">Can you think of some other examples where either one voice\u2014active or passive\u2014clearly seems better?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><font face=\"verdana, geneva, sans-serif\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">For further reading, you could refer to this helpful article:\u00a0<\/span><\/font><a href=\"http:\/\/www.editage.com\/insights\/is-it-acceptable-to-use-first-person-pronouns-in-scientific-writing\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Is it acceptable to use first person pronouns in scientific writing?<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The active voice refers to a sentence format that emphasizes the doer of an action. For example, in the sentence \u201cThe mice inhaled the tobacco-infused aerosol,\u201d the doer, i.e., \u201cthe mice\u201d seem important. On the other hand, in the passive voice, the action being performed is emphasized, and the doer may be omitted, e.g., \u201cThe [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":33313,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[2375],"tags":[2605,212],"new_categories":[],"new_tags":[],"series":[],"class_list":["post-384","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-grammar-language","tag-academic-writing","tag-language-tips"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v25.0 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Using the active and passive voice in research writing | Editage Insights<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Read this article for help with writing your research paper. 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