{"id":3854,"date":"2022-02-24T10:48:16","date_gmt":"2022-02-24T10:48:16","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.editage.com\/insights\/to-hedge-or-not-to-hedge\/"},"modified":"2025-01-15T06:25:58","modified_gmt":"2025-01-15T06:25:58","slug":"to-hedge-or-not-to-hedge","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.editage.com\/insights\/to-hedge-or-not-to-hedge","title":{"rendered":"To hedge or not to hedge"},"content":{"rendered":"

Writers write for their readers, and good writers write so that their readers will understand them easily. Although this applies to academic writing as well, writers of research papers also have other purposes and often write to establish priority\u2014to be the first to report a discovery\u2014and to contribute to the body of literature in their field. Academic writers also have other concerns, one important concern being the impression they make on reviewers and, once the paper is published, on peers. These concerns often compel writers of academic papers to write in ways that can make their articles appear unclear, weak, or difficult to lay readers. Hedging is used for dealing with one such concern.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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When you hedge your bets, you bet on multiple outcomes to increase your chances of winning\u2014any one of those outcomes makes you a winner. Hedging in academic writing works similarly, but writers use it not so much to maximize their chances of winning (of being easily understood by their readers) as to minimize their chances of losing, i.e., of being proven wrong by their readers. A simple example will make this clear: instead of writing categorically and emphatically, as in \u201cWatering the plants before sunrise or after sunset makes plants to grow faster,\u201d an academic writer hedges, or tones down the emphasis, by writing \u201cWatering the plants before sunrise or after sunset probably helps plant growth.<\/span>\u201d Adding \u201cprobably\u201d and using an abstract noun (\u2018growth\u2019) instead of the verb (\u2018to grow\u2019) makes the assertion less emphatic and keeps the escape route open, should a fellow academic point out that the claimed benefits of watering early or late in the day also depend on the plant, the soil, and the weather.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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Another reason why academic writers often hedge is the uncertainty that is inseparable from science. Even the most common physical laws have been shown to change when objects are observed on the nanoscale. Secondly, most phenomena of interest to science, especially applied science, are governed by too many factors to allow simple statements of cause and effect. You have a headache, you take a tablet, and you are cured\u2014does it mean that it was the tablet that cured you of the headache? Probably yes, but not necessarily: What if it was not the tablet but simply time or something that you ate or something that you did or something that you were exposed to? Much of the advice on effective academic writing ignores these constraints, whereas the truth is that scientists cannot deal in absolutes, especially those who work in biology, a field in which variation is the norm. In The Summing Up<\/i>, his autobiographical work, Somerset Maugham recounts a lesson in anatomy, namely, that it is the normal that is rare, because norms are abstract ideals based on many observations but seldom apply to any specific case.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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Hedging is therefore unavoidable in academic writing. Unfortunately, hedging is also used for covering up sloppy research, insufficient data, small or biased samples, and muddy thinking\u2014and that is something you should avoid. Hedging also gets a bad name because some writers overdo it: \u201cIt is believed that sunning may possibly counter, to some extent and under certain circumstances, the deficiency of vitamin D in some individuals.\u201d<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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Here are some practical tips on how to use hedging in your writing.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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Avoid multiple hedges within a sentence<\/span><\/b>. The above example was a made-up one, simply to illustrate multiple hedging. In practice, any one of the many words associated with uncertainty should have been sufficient. For example, when you use \u201cmay,\u201d it is clear to readers that you are talking about a possibility, as in \u201cIt may rain.\u201d The word \u201cpossibly\u201d serves the same purpose, as do the qualifiers, namely, \u201cto some extent,\u201d \u201cunder certain circumstances,\u201d and \u201csome individuals.\u201d<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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Learn the degrees of uncertainly implied by different words<\/span><\/b>. The difference between \u201cIt may rain\u201d and \u201cIt might rain\u201d is simply that of the degree of uncertainty or likelihood, with \u201cmight\u201d implying greater uncertainty. Another such pair is \u201cpossible\u201d and \u201cprobable.\u201d \u201cPossible\u201d implies that something is physically possible<\/i>, as in \u201cThe error was possibly due to a defective instrument,\u201d which means that a defective instrument was one of the several possible causes (it could have been a simple error in calculation or a misreading of the instrument\u2019s display, for example). \u201cProbable\u201d implies that something is likely<\/i>, as in \u201cThe error was probably due to a mistake in calculation.\u201d<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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Use appropriate qualifiers<\/span><\/b>. Using modal auxiliary verbs such as \u201cmay,\u201d \u201ccan,\u201d and \u201cshould\u201d is one way to express uncertainty. Another way is to use qualifiers such as \u201csome,\u201d \u201cnearly,\u201d and \u201calmost.\u201d Qualifiers restrict the scope of an assertion: for example, instead of saying \u201cAll wounds heal faster by local application of cream A\u201d you can say \u201csome wounds\u201d or \u201cnearly all wounds\u201d and so on, depending on how confident you are about the efficacy of cream A.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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Warn readers up front<\/span><\/b>. Instead of sprinkling hedges throughout a block of prose, you can warn readers up front of any uncertainty. For instance, say that the conclusions are based only on anecdotal evidence or on a non-random sample. If you know of the likely causes of the difference in results, mention them, as in \u201cThese experiments were conducted under controlled conditions, and the results of field experiments may be different\u201d or \u201cA representative sample is likely to offer more reliable data.\u201d<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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Above all, be honest with your readers: admit uncertainties by using appropriate hedging devices but do not use them as a cover up: remember the drunk who uses a lamppost not for illumination but for support?<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Writers write for their readers, and good writers write so that their readers will understand them easily. Although this applies to academic writing as well, writers of research papers also have other purposes and often write to establish priority\u2014to be the first to report a discovery\u2014and to contribute to the body of literature in their […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":18,"featured_media":33313,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[2375,2427],"tags":[2605,212,210,105,20],"new_categories":[],"new_tags":[],"series":[],"class_list":["post-3854","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-grammar-language","category-style-format","tag-academic-writing","tag-language-tips","tag-manuscript-writing","tag-research-communication","tag-tips-for-authors"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nHedging in academic writing<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Hedging is common in academic writing. 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