{"id":3880,"date":"2022-04-01T14:22:48","date_gmt":"2022-04-01T14:22:48","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.editage.com\/insights\/the-northern-white-rhinos-a-trip-to-extinction-and-back\/"},"modified":"2025-04-05T13:05:00","modified_gmt":"2025-04-05T13:05:00","slug":"the-northern-white-rhinos-a-trip-to-extinction-and-back","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.editage.com\/insights\/the-northern-white-rhinos-a-trip-to-extinction-and-back","title":{"rendered":"The northern white rhinos: A trip to extinction and back"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin: 0cm 0cm 8pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 11pt;\"><span style=\"line-height: 107%;\"><span style=\"font-family: Calibri,sans-serif;\">Is it possible to bring someone back from the dead? San Diego scientists say yes! <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin: 0cm 0cm 8pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 11pt;\"><span style=\"line-height: 107%;\"><span style=\"font-family: Calibri,sans-serif;\">In 2018, the last male northern white rhino, Sudan, bid adieu to the world leaving behind just two females too old to take forward the species. Sudan was 45 years old and lived under armed protection (against poachers who are the cause of the species\u2019 extinction) in Ol Pejeta Conservancy, Kenya. He was suffering from an age-related complication<sup>1 <\/sup>and his caretakers decided to euthanize him when the suffering became unbearable for him. Since then, scientists worldwide have been looking at modern technologies to bring the species back into this world, specifically the scientists at the San Diego Zoo Safari Park<sup>2<\/sup>. Barbara Durrant, the Director of Reproductive Sciences at San Diego Zoo Institute of Conservative research, calls it their \u201cmost ambitious project\u201d.<sup>2<\/sup><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin: 0cm 0cm 8pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 11pt;\"><span style=\"line-height: 107%;\"><span style=\"font-family: Calibri,sans-serif;\">The frozen zoo at San Diego, which has living cell samples from over 1,000 species, has skin cells from twelve northern white rhinos which will be used for the regeneration process. The process comprises four major and complicated steps. Let\u2019s take a look at them in detail.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin: 0cm 0cm 8pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 11pt;\"><span style=\"line-height: 107%;\"><span style=\"font-family: Calibri,sans-serif;\"><b>Step 1: From skin cells to stem cells<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin: 0cm 0cm 8pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 11pt;\"><span style=\"line-height: 107%;\"><span style=\"font-family: Calibri,sans-serif;\">Once skin cells are formed, it\u2019s impossible for them to further transform into any other type of cell, in this case to stem cells. However, the gene of every skin cell contains the information to do so. Owing to the Nobel Prize winner Shinya Yamanaka\u2019s discovery in 2006<sup>3<\/sup> of how to access the genes, scientists reset the northern white rhino\u2019s skin cells and succeeded in converting them into stem cells. After years of tweaking Yamanaka\u2019s technique, we have seven clones of stem cells per 100,000 skin cells. It might take several more years for scientists to get the ideal stem cells.<sup>4<\/sup><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin: 0cm 0cm 8pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 11pt;\"><span style=\"line-height: 107%;\"><span style=\"font-family: Calibri,sans-serif;\"><b>Step 2: Structure the stem cells to transform into eggs and sperm<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin: 0cm 0cm 8pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 11pt;\"><span style=\"line-height: 107%;\"><span style=\"font-family: Calibri,sans-serif;\">Arranging the stem cells to convert them into sperms and eggs is called \u201cgametes.\u201d However, it\u2019s not easy as it needs intracellular signals with the perfect timing, duration, and concentration. The team at San Diego Zoo hasn\u2019t been able to strike the chord yet. However, during skin cells to stem cells transformation, a few gametes were accidentally created. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin: 0cm 0cm 8pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 11pt;\"><span style=\"line-height: 107%;\"><span style=\"font-family: Calibri,sans-serif;\"><b>Step 3: Egg-sperm fertilization<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin: 0cm 0cm 8pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 11pt;\"><span style=\"line-height: 107%;\"><span style=\"font-family: Calibri,sans-serif;\">The scientists would need to create the optimum ovary conditions for cultivating and fertilizing the northern white rhino eggs in an artificial environment. To understand those conditions, they decided to observe the southern white rhino\u2019s eggs. In March 2020, they succeeded in obtaining healthy eggs. Dr Durrant said, \u201cRight before COVID hit and shut everything down, we collected 22 [eggs] from our females at the rhino rescue center. And we got a<b>\u00a0<\/b>50% maturation rate which was fantastic for our first attempt, and we actually produced an embryo\u201d.<sup>4 <\/sup><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin: 0cm 0cm 8pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 11pt;\"><span style=\"line-height: 107%;\"><span style=\"font-family: Calibri,sans-serif;\"><b>Step 4: From the laboratory into a womb<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin: 0cm 0cm 8pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 11pt;\"><span style=\"line-height: 107%;\"><span style=\"font-family: Calibri,sans-serif;\">The embryo would need to be carefully placed into the womb of a southern white rhino who will help the scientists resurrect the northern white rhinos. For an embryo to develop, the womb should have an ideal yet agile environment that can quickly cater to the embryo\u2019s needs. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin: 0cm 0cm 8pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 11pt;\"><span style=\"line-height: 107%;\"><span style=\"font-family: Calibri,sans-serif;\">The scientists conducted thousands of ultrasounds to study the rhinos\u2019 reproductive system and each rhino\u2019s reproductive cycle. The aim was to determine the best time to place the embryo and optimize the chances of its acceptance by the rhino\u2019s body.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin: 0cm 0cm 8pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 11pt;\"><span style=\"line-height: 107%;\"><span style=\"font-family: Calibri,sans-serif;\">\u201c[W]e can predictably get them to ovulate within 48 hours, and that took a couple of years for us to figure out. So every step of the way is kind of a long process, but each step takes us closer to success,\u201d<sup>4<\/sup> said Dr Durrant. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin: 0cm 0cm 8pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 11pt;\"><span style=\"line-height: 107%;\"><span style=\"font-family: Calibri,sans-serif;\">In 2019, for the first time in the world\u2019s history, two southern rhino calves were born out of artificial insemination indicating the southern white rhino\u2019s ability to reproduce with a technology\u2019s intervention. With this, the journey toward the end of many more extinctions began.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 8pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 11pt;\"><span style=\"line-height: 107%;\"><span style=\"font-family: Calibri,sans-serif;\"><b><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 14.0pt;\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\"><span style=\"line-height: 107%;\">References:<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 8pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 11pt;\"><span style=\"line-height: 107%;\"><span style=\"font-family: Calibri,sans-serif;\">1. Northern white rhino: Last male Sudan dies in Kenya. <i>BBC<\/i>. <a style=\"color: #0563c1; text-decoration: underline;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-43468066\">https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-43468066<\/a> (20 March, 2018).<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 8pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 11pt;\"><span style=\"line-height: 107%;\"><span style=\"font-family: Calibri,sans-serif;\">2. Can this \u201cfrozen zoo\u201d resurrect the Northern White Rhino? <i>Bigthink<\/i>. <a style=\"color: #0563c1; text-decoration: underline;\" href=\"https:\/\/bigthink.com\/videos\/white-rhino-extinction\/\">https:\/\/bigthink.com\/videos\/white-rhino-extinction\/<\/a> <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 8pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 11pt;\"><span style=\"line-height: 107%;\"><span style=\"font-family: Calibri,sans-serif;\">3. Scudellari, M. How iPS cells changed the world.\u00a0<i>Nature<\/i>\u00a0<b>534,\u00a0<\/b>310\u2013312 (2016). <a style=\"color: #0563c1; text-decoration: underline;\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/534310a\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/534310a<\/a> <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 8pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 11pt;\"><span style=\"line-height: 107%;\"><span style=\"font-family: Calibri,sans-serif;\">4. Northern white rhino: resurrecting an extinct species in four steps. <i>Bigthink<\/i>. <a style=\"color: #0563c1; text-decoration: underline;\" href=\"https:\/\/bigthink.com\/life\/resurrection-deextinction-northern-white-rhino\/\">https:\/\/bigthink.com\/life\/resurrection-deextinction-northern-white-rhino\/<\/a> (22 March, 2022).<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 8pt;\">\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Is it possible to bring someone back from the dead? San Diego scientists say yes! In 2018, the last male northern white rhino, Sudan, bid adieu to the world leaving behind just two females too old to take forward the species. Sudan was 45 years old and lived under armed protection (against poachers who are [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2646,"featured_media":33313,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[2408],"tags":[1154,2644,2482],"new_categories":[],"new_tags":[],"series":[],"class_list":["post-3880","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-industry-news","tag-global-science","tag-industry-updates","tag-science-update"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v25.0 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>The northern white rhinos: A trip to extinction and back | Editage Insights<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"In 2018, the last male northern white rhino, Sudan, bid adieu to the world leaving behind just two females too old 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