{"id":3918,"date":"2022-05-26T10:03:06","date_gmt":"2022-05-26T10:03:06","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.editage.com\/insights\/research-collaborations-drivers-challenges-and-tips\/"},"modified":"2026-03-16T12:14:03","modified_gmt":"2026-03-16T06:44:03","slug":"research-collaborations-drivers-challenges-and-tips","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.editage.com\/insights\/research-collaborations-drivers-challenges-and-tips","title":{"rendered":"Research collaborations: Drivers, challenges, and tips"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin: 0cm 0cm 8pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 11pt;\"><span style=\"line-height: 107%;\"><span style=\"font-family: Calibri,sans-serif;\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt;\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\"><span style=\"line-height: 107%;\">Today, more than ever before, scientists around the world rely on extensive collaboration with either their colleagues from the same domain or researchers from completely different fields. Evolving communication platforms, like social media, have made research collaboration effective and easy by facilitating online networking and sharing of information among academic communities.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin: 0cm 0cm 8pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 11pt;\"><span style=\"line-height: 107%;\"><span style=\"font-family: Calibri,sans-serif;\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt;\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\"><span style=\"line-height: 107%;\">The numbers of co-authored research papers and international collaborations, especially in multidisciplinary research, have increased strikingly in the past two decades. More than a quarter of over two million research papers published annually are authored by researchers from at least two different countries.<sup>1<\/sup> Since 1996, 21,000 articles have been published in rapidly globalizing areas of research, marking a shift from West-centric research focus and outputs.<sup>2<\/sup><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin: 0cm 0cm 8pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 11pt;\"><span style=\"line-height: 107%;\"><span style=\"font-family: Calibri,sans-serif;\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt;\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\"><span style=\"line-height: 107%;\">To improve research outputs, scientists often need to collaborate with different organizations, laboratories, and industries. For instance, sometimes, because of limited government funding, universities run out of all potential sources of financial support. The faculty or researchers from universities can address the situation by seeking grants from other sources such as international research organizations, non-governmental bodies, and other research-funding organizations, or by seeking collaborations with funded researchers from these sectors if their interests align.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin: 0cm 0cm 8pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 11pt;\"><span style=\"line-height: 107%;\"><span style=\"font-family: Calibri,sans-serif;\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt;\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\"><span style=\"line-height: 107%;\">Collaboration involves working with researchers from different disciplines, countries, or organizations, or with researchers who have grants from different funding bodies. The following are five common types of research collaboration:<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify; margin: 0cm 0cm 8pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 11pt;\"><span style=\"line-height: 107%;\"><span style=\"font-family: Calibri,sans-serif;\"><b><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt;\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\"><span style=\"background: white;\"><span style=\"line-height: 107%;\"><span style=\"color: #252423;\">Cross-laboratory collaboration within an organization<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin: 0cm 0cm 8pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 11pt;\"><span style=\"line-height: 107%;\"><span style=\"font-family: Calibri,sans-serif;\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt;\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\"><span style=\"background: white;\"><span style=\"line-height: 107%;\"><span style=\"color: #252423;\">This is the most common type of research collaboration and occurs when two or more research groups or labs within the same institution work toward the same goal.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify; margin: 0cm 0cm 8pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 11pt;\"><span style=\"line-height: 107%;\"><span style=\"font-family: Calibri,sans-serif;\"><b><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt;\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\"><span style=\"background: white;\"><span style=\"line-height: 107%;\"><span style=\"color: #252423;\">Inter-organizational collaboration<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin: 0cm 0cm 8pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 11pt;\"><span style=\"line-height: 107%;\"><span style=\"font-family: Calibri,sans-serif;\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt;\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\"><span style=\"background: white;\"><span style=\"line-height: 107%;\"><span style=\"color: #252423;\">Example: \u00a0A recently initiated project funded by Break Through Cancer involves five cancer research centers\u2014the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, the Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, and Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at MIT. The project team was awarded $10 million for working on novel interception and strategies to treat patients with different types of cancer.<sup>3,4<\/sup><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify; margin: 0cm 0cm 8pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 11pt;\"><span style=\"line-height: 107%;\"><span style=\"font-family: Calibri,sans-serif;\"><b><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt;\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\"><span style=\"line-height: 107%;\">Interdisciplinary research collaboration<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin: 0cm 0cm 8pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 11pt;\"><span style=\"line-height: 107%;\"><span style=\"font-family: Calibri,sans-serif;\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt;\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\"><span style=\"line-height: 107%;\">Example: R<\/span><\/span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"background: white;\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\"><span style=\"color: black;\">esearchers from the University of Southampton, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Curtin University, University of Hong Kong, and the University of T\u00fcbingen worked together to understand how life on Earth survived during a period of extreme climatic change event referred to as Snowball Earth. The researchers belonged to diverse disciplines and their collaborative work made it possible to understand how the survival of complex life during this period may have been influenced by Earth\u2019s orbit.<sup>5<\/sup>\u00a0 <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify; margin: 0cm 0cm 8pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 11pt;\"><span style=\"line-height: 107%;\"><span style=\"font-family: Calibri,sans-serif;\"><b><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt;\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\"><span style=\"background: white;\"><span style=\"line-height: 107%;\"><span style=\"color: #252423;\">Research collaboration between academia and industry<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin: 0cm 0cm 8pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 11pt;\"><span style=\"line-height: 107%;\"><span style=\"font-family: Calibri,sans-serif;\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt;\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\"><span style=\"background: white;\"><span style=\"line-height: 107%;\"><span style=\"color: #252423;\">Example: IndiGo, an Indian airline company, partnered with a Council of Scientific &amp; Industrial Research laboratory, the Indian Institute of Petroleum (CSIR-IIP) to manufacture and deploy sustainable aviation fuel in India and globally.<sup>6,7<\/sup><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify; margin: 0cm 0cm 8pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 11pt;\"><span style=\"line-height: 107%;\"><span style=\"font-family: Calibri,sans-serif;\"><b><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt;\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\"><span style=\"line-height: 107%;\">International research collaboration<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin: 0cm 0cm 8pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 11pt;\"><span style=\"line-height: 107%;\"><span style=\"font-family: Calibri,sans-serif;\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt;\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\"><span style=\"line-height: 107%;\">Example: The Gemini Observatory is an astronomical observatory comprising Gemini North in Hawaii and its twin Gemini South in Chile. The project was initiated in 1999 and involved an international collaboration of seven countries: the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, Chile, Brazil, Argentina, and Australia.<sup>8<\/sup> The Gemini telescopes are optical\/infrared telescopes designed to explore the entire northern and southern skies.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin: 0cm 0cm 8pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 11pt;\"><span style=\"line-height: 107%;\"><span style=\"font-family: Calibri,sans-serif;\"><b><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt;\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\"><span style=\"line-height: 107%;\">Challenges of research collaboration<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin: 0cm 0cm 8pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 11pt;\"><span style=\"line-height: 107%;\"><span style=\"font-family: Calibri,sans-serif;\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt;\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\"><span style=\"line-height: 107%;\">While developing cross-institutional teams and building international partnerships have great benefits. <\/span><\/span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt;\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\"><span style=\"background: #fcfcfc;\"><span style=\"line-height: 107%;\"><span style=\"color: black;\">Collaborations among people from different disciplines, sectors, and cultures can generate fresh, diverse perspectives. But the differences that enrich the research can also pose the following challenges. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin: 0cm 0cm 8pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 11pt;\"><span style=\"line-height: 107%;\"><span style=\"font-family: Calibri,sans-serif;\"><b><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt;\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\"><span style=\"background: #fcfcfc;\"><span style=\"line-height: 107%;\"><span style=\"color: black;\">Cultural challenges<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify; margin: 0cm 0cm 8pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 11pt;\"><span style=\"line-height: 107%;\"><span style=\"font-family: Calibri,sans-serif;\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt;\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\"><span style=\"line-height: 107%;\">L<\/span><\/span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt;\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\"><span style=\"line-height: 107%;\">anguage barriers among collaborators from different regions pose a common challenge.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify; margin: 0cm 0cm 8pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 11pt;\"><span style=\"line-height: 107%;\"><span style=\"font-family: Calibri,sans-serif;\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt;\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\"><span style=\"line-height: 107%;\">Conflicting working styles and practices can seem frustrating, for example, not sharing the same working days. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify; margin: 0cm 0cm 8pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 11pt;\"><span style=\"line-height: 107%;\"><span style=\"font-family: Calibri,sans-serif;\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt;\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\"><span style=\"background: white;\"><span style=\"line-height: 107%;\"><span style=\"color: black;\">Differences in communication habits or preferences, such as <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt;\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\"><span style=\"line-height: 107%;\">frequency, timing, tone, and mode<\/span><\/span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt;\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\"><span style=\"background: white;\"><span style=\"line-height: 107%;\"><span style=\"color: black;\"> of <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt;\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\"><span style=\"line-height: 107%;\">communication, can lead to misunderstandings.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify; margin: 0cm 0cm 8pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 11pt;\"><span style=\"line-height: 107%;\"><span style=\"font-family: Calibri,sans-serif;\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt;\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\"><span style=\"line-height: 107%;\">Differences in social structures and practices, for example, practices such as gender segregation in certain countries, can pose difficulties in effective communication and collaboration.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin: 0cm 0cm 8pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 11pt;\"><span style=\"line-height: 107%;\"><span style=\"font-family: Calibri,sans-serif;\"><b><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt;\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\"><span style=\"line-height: 107%;\">Legal challenges<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin: 0cm 0cm 8pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 11pt;\"><span style=\"line-height: 107%;\"><span style=\"font-family: Calibri,sans-serif;\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt;\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\"><span style=\"line-height: 107%;\">Legal differences among the countries where collaborators work are particularly important to consider. Countries may differ in their laws related to acquisition\/handling of materials or data, treatment of research subjects, type\/levels of documentation or permits needed to carry out certain types of research, and so on.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin: 0cm 0cm 8pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 11pt;\"><span style=\"line-height: 107%;\"><span style=\"font-family: Calibri,sans-serif;\"><b><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt;\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\"><span style=\"line-height: 107%;\">Challenges related to collaboration across sectors<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin: 0cm 0cm 8pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 11pt;\"><span style=\"line-height: 107%;\"><span style=\"font-family: Calibri,sans-serif;\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt;\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\"><span style=\"line-height: 107%;\">These may include political or ideological differences between organizations belonging to different sectors, especially between and privately funded and public organizations. Moreover, sometimes the competing priorities and objectives of cross-sector organizations (e.g., a commercial company and a university) may lead to differences in opinion on how research should be conducted and within what duration.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin: 0cm 0cm 8pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 11pt;\"><span style=\"line-height: 107%;\"><span style=\"font-family: Calibri,sans-serif;\"><b><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt;\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\"><span style=\"line-height: 107%;\">Approaches to overcoming challenges in research collaborations<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify; margin: 0cm 0cm 8pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 11pt;\"><span style=\"line-height: 107%;\"><span style=\"font-family: Calibri,sans-serif;\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt;\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\"><span style=\"line-height: 107%;\">When working with international collaborators, talk to them and understand the socio-cultural norms that dictate the way they work and how all of you may need to adapt your working styles accordingly.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify; margin: 0cm 0cm 8pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 11pt;\"><span style=\"line-height: 107%;\"><span style=\"font-family: Calibri,sans-serif;\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt;\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\"><span style=\"line-height: 107%;\">Together decide the communication approaches you will follow to make the collaboration smooth and avoid misunderstandings. A<\/span><\/span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt;\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\"><span style=\"background: #fcfcfc;\"><span style=\"line-height: 107%;\"><span style=\"color: black;\">ppointing an individual who will communicate on behalf of a team can reduce the challenges <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt;\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\"><span style=\"background: white;\"><span style=\"line-height: 107%;\"><span style=\"color: black;\">caused <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt;\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\"><span style=\"line-height: 107%;\">by<\/span><\/span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt;\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\"><span style=\"background: white;\"><span style=\"line-height: 107%;\"><span style=\"color: black;\"> language differences.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify; margin: 0cm 0cm 8pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 11pt;\"><span style=\"line-height: 107%;\"><span style=\"font-family: Calibri,sans-serif;\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt;\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\"><span style=\"line-height: 107%;\">Plan all aspects of the project systematically and well ahead. In particular, critical aspects like research methodology and individual roles\/responsibilities should be discussed and outlined clearly early on to prevent potential conflicts or confusion.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify; margin: 0cm 0cm 8pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 11pt;\"><span style=\"line-height: 107%;\"><span style=\"font-family: Calibri,sans-serif;\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt;\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\"><span style=\"line-height: 107%;\">Ensure that all researchers involved in collaborative research are aware of the relevant national laws and policies as well as the rules and regulations of the affiliated organizations and funding bodies supporting the project.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify; margin: 0cm 0cm 8pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 11pt;\"><span style=\"line-height: 107%;\"><span style=\"font-family: Calibri,sans-serif;\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt;\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\"><span style=\"line-height: 107%;\">Discuss with all stakeholders who should receive authorship credit and own intellectual property rights (if relevant) for ideas\/products come up with during the project.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin: 0cm 0cm 8pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 11pt;\"><span style=\"line-height: 107%;\"><span style=\"font-family: Calibri,sans-serif;\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt;\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\"><span style=\"line-height: 107%;\">Though research collaboration seems challenging, the advantage of collaborative work outweighs the difficulties. For anyone interested in research collaboration, there are readily available opportunities, which can evidently be seen in the successful collaborations during the COVID-19 pandemic.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin: 0cm 0cm 8pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 11pt;\"><span style=\"line-height: 107%;\"><span style=\"font-family: Calibri,sans-serif;\"><b><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt;\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\"><span style=\"line-height: 107%;\">References<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify; margin: 0cm 0cm 8pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 11pt;\"><span style=\"line-height: 107%;\"><span style=\"font-family: Calibri,sans-serif;\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt;\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\"><span style=\"line-height: 107%;\">Fu, Y.C., Marques, M., Tseng, YH. et al. An evolving international research collaboration network: spatial and thematic developments in co-authored higher education research, 1998\u20132018. Scientometrics 127, 1403\u20131429 (2022). <\/span><\/span><a style=\"color: #0563c1; text-decoration: underline;\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11192-021-04200-w\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt;\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\"><span style=\"line-height: 107%;\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11192-021-04200-w<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify; margin: 0cm 0cm 8pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 11pt;\"><span style=\"line-height: 107%;\"><span style=\"font-family: Calibri,sans-serif;\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt;\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\"><span style=\"line-height: 107%;\">Kwiek M. The prestige economy of higher education journals: a quantitative approach. High Educ 81, 493\u2013519 (2021). <\/span><\/span><a style=\"color: #0563c1; text-decoration: underline;\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10734-020-00553-y\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt;\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\"><span style=\"line-height: 107%;\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10734-020-00553-y<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify; margin: 0cm 0cm 8pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 11pt;\"><span style=\"line-height: 107%;\"><span style=\"font-family: Calibri,sans-serif;\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt;\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\"><span style=\"line-height: 107%;\">MD Anderson receives more than $10 million in grants for cancer research, FOX 26 Digital, April 24 2022, FOX 26 Houstan. Available at: <\/span><\/span><a style=\"color: #0563c1; text-decoration: underline;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.fox26houston.com\/news\/md-anderson-recieves-more-than-10-million-in-grants-for-cancer-research\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt;\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\"><span style=\"line-height: 107%;\">https:\/\/www.fox26houston.com\/news\/md-anderson-recieves-more-than-10-million-in-grants-for-cancer-research<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify; margin: 0cm 0cm 8pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 11pt;\"><span style=\"line-height: 107%;\"><span style=\"font-family: Calibri,sans-serif;\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt;\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\"><span style=\"line-height: 107%;\">MD Anderson receives over $10 million from Break Through Cancer to support collaborative research with leading cancer centers, MD Anderson News Release April 19 2022, Available at: <\/span><\/span><a style=\"color: #0563c1; text-decoration: underline;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.mdanderson.org\/newsroom\/md-anderson-receives-over-10-million-from-break-through-cancer.h00-159538956.html\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt;\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\"><span style=\"line-height: 107%;\">https:\/\/www.mdanderson.org\/newsroom\/md-anderson-receives-over-10-million-from-break-through-cancer.h00-159538956.html<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify; margin: 0cm 0cm 8pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 11pt;\"><span style=\"line-height: 107%;\"><span style=\"font-family: Calibri,sans-serif;\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt;\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\"><span style=\"line-height: 107%;\">Mitchell, R.N., Gernon, T.M., Cox, G.M. et al. Orbital forcing of ice sheets during snowball Earth. Nat Commun 12, 4187 (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-021-24439-4<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify; margin: 0cm 0cm 8pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 11pt;\"><span style=\"line-height: 107%;\"><span style=\"font-family: Calibri,sans-serif;\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt;\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\"><span style=\"line-height: 107%;\">Manju V. IndiGo partners with CSIR for sustainable fuel, 2021, Times of India. Available at: <\/span><\/span><a style=\"color: #0563c1; text-decoration: underline;\" href=\"https:\/\/timesofindia.indiatimes.com\/business\/india-business\/indigo-partners-with-csir-for-sustainable-fuel\/articleshow\/88168710.cms\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt;\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\"><span style=\"line-height: 107%;\">https:\/\/timesofindia.indiatimes.com\/business\/india-business\/indigo-partners-with-csir-for-sustainable-fuel\/articleshow\/88168710.cms<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify; margin: 0cm 0cm 8pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 11pt;\"><span style=\"line-height: 107%;\"><span style=\"font-family: Calibri,sans-serif;\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt;\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\"><span style=\"line-height: 107%;\">IndiGo signs agreement with CSIR-IIP to make sustainable aviation fuel. Press Release, 2021, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Available at: <\/span><\/span><a style=\"color: #0563c1; text-decoration: underline;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.csir.res.in\/slider\/indigo-signs-agreement-csir-iip-make-sustainable-aviation-fuel\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt;\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\"><span style=\"line-height: 107%;\">https:\/\/www.csir.res.in\/slider\/indigo-signs-agreement-csir-iip-make-sustainable-aviation-fuel<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify; margin: 0cm 0cm 8pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 11pt;\"><span style=\"line-height: 107%;\"><span style=\"font-family: Calibri,sans-serif;\"><span class=\"MsoHyperlink\" style=\"color: #0563c1;\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt;\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\"><span style=\"line-height: 107%;\"><span style=\"text-decoration: none;\"><span style=\"text-underline: none;\">Franktaky. Participating Country Shares, 2021, Gemini Obsevatory, Noir Lab, Available at: <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><a style=\"color: #0563c1; text-decoration: underline;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.gemini.edu\/about\/participant-shares\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt;\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\"><span style=\"line-height: 107%;\">https:\/\/www.gemini.edu\/about\/participant-shares<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Today, more than ever before, scientists around the world rely on extensive collaboration with either their colleagues from the same domain or researchers from completely different fields. Evolving communication platforms, like social media, have made research collaboration effective and easy by facilitating online networking and sharing of information among academic communities. 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