
{"id":4234,"date":"2023-07-06T05:26:31","date_gmt":"2023-07-06T05:26:31","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.editage.com\/insights\/ensuring-smooth-flow-and-cohesion-in-your-writing\/"},"modified":"2025-01-15T06:21:05","modified_gmt":"2025-01-15T06:21:05","slug":"ensuring-smooth-flow-and-cohesion-in-your-writing","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.editage.com\/insights\/ensuring-smooth-flow-and-cohesion-in-your-writing","title":{"rendered":"Ensuring smooth flow and cohesion in your writing"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"margin-bottom:0cm; margin:0cm 0cm 8pt\"><span style=\"font-size:11pt\"><span style=\"line-height:150%\"><span style=\"font-family:Calibri,sans-serif\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family:&quot;Sitka Text&quot;\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\">Ever tried your hand at a jigsaw puzzle? You have all the pieces but need to work out where each piece goes: the picture emerges only when each piece is in its place. Disorderly writing is like those scattered pieces, whereas cohesive and smooth-flowing writing is the completed puzzle. The writing of scientists and academics is often disjointed because in their mind\u2019s eye, they see only the completed version, failing to spot discontinuities in their own writing. Effective writers, on the other hand, provide signposts in their writing to help readers, and this makes their journey smoother. This article discusses the devices\u2014headings and subheadings, typical connecting words, phrases, and punctuation marks\u2014that show how sentences and paragraphs form a coherent whole and make clearer to readers the overall structure of a piece of writing and the underlying logic implicit in the writer\u2019s mind.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom:0cm; margin:0cm 0cm 8pt\"><span style=\"font-size:11pt\"><span style=\"line-height:150%\"><span style=\"font-family:Calibri,sans-serif\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family:&quot;Sitka Text&quot;\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\">However, clear structure and logic come before writing and should be clear in your mind: the connective devices can only signal the structure and join the parts that are already in order. That logical ordering remains the author\u2019s responsibility. Let us examine the different kinds of connecting devices that help you produce smooth-flowing writing. Think of them as pieces of hardware: screws or nuts and bolts to hold things together, washers to keep them apart, grooves to keep things in place, \u201celbows\u201d to obtain a 90\u00b0 angle, and so on. You could also think of them as traffic lights: red for stop; amber for wait; green for go. Such connective devices are usually referred to as transitions or linking words. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<h3 style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 8pt;\"><span style=\"font-size:11pt\"><span style=\"line-height:150%\"><span style=\"font-family:Calibri,sans-serif\"><b><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family:&quot;Sitka Text&quot;\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\">Choosing appropriate transitions<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/h3>\n<p style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 8pt;\"><span style=\"font-size:11pt\"><span style=\"line-height:150%\"><span style=\"font-family:Calibri,sans-serif\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family:&quot;Sitka Text&quot;\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\">The transitions that you choose should suggest how the words that follow relate to the words that come before the transition itself; in other words, the transition should suggest whether what follows is \u201cmore of the same\u201d or introduce a note of contrast or give examples or provide an explanation or offer a reason, and so on.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 8pt;\"><span style=\"font-size:11pt\"><span style=\"line-height:150%\"><span style=\"font-family:Calibri,sans-serif\"><i><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family:&quot;Sitka Text&quot;\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\">Transitions that signal similarity<\/span><\/i><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family:&quot;Sitka Text&quot;\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\">. Words such as <i>and<\/i>, <i>also<\/i>, and <i>moreover<\/i>, for example, suggest additions and work like the plus sign (+) in mathematics. They offer a handy device to join two or more words or phrases or even ideas, as in \u201cAnts and cockroaches are insects whereas mice and rats are rodents.\u201d These transitions do not call for any change in the direction but simply add information. Incidentally, note that the previous example also uses a different kind of linking word, namely <i>whereas<\/i>, which signals contrast.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom:0cm; margin:0cm 0cm 8pt\"><span style=\"font-size:11pt\"><span style=\"line-height:150%\"><span style=\"font-family:Calibri,sans-serif\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family:&quot;Sitka Text&quot;\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\">In using <i>or<\/i> as a transition, you need to be careful about pairing it with a comma, because <i>or with<\/i> a comma before it suggests that what follows is more or less the same as what precedes, as in \u201cLinking words, or transitions, signal relationships between bits of text\u201d;<i> without<\/i> the comma, however, <i>or<\/i> emphasizes the notion of options or alternatives, as in \u201cYou may pay in cash or by using a credit card.\u201d<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom:0cm; margin:0cm 0cm 8pt\"><span style=\"font-size:11pt\"><span style=\"line-height:150%\"><span style=\"font-family:Calibri,sans-serif\"><i><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family:&quot;Sitka Text&quot;\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\">Transitions that signal contrast<\/span><\/i><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family:&quot;Sitka Text&quot;\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\">. Transitions such as <i>but<\/i>, <i>although<\/i>, <i>in contrast<\/i>, and <i>on the other hand<\/i> introduce contrast, as in \u201cAlthough many people consider spiders as insects, spiders have eight legs whereas insects have only six.\u201d Clearly, a change of direction is called upon, and by using a contrastive transition, the writer signals that change of direction in advance, much as a blinking tail light of a car signals that the car is about to turn.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom:0cm; margin:0cm 0cm 8pt\"><span style=\"font-size:11pt\"><span style=\"line-height:150%\"><span style=\"font-family:Calibri,sans-serif\"><i><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family:&quot;Sitka Text&quot;\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\">Transitions that signal explanations or elaboration<\/span><\/i><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family:&quot;Sitka Text&quot;\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\">. Examples, analogies, repetitions using paraphrasing, etc. are often used in reinforcing abstract or hard-to-follow concepts and signaled by transitions that follow the first mention of such a concept. These transitions comprise such phrases as <i>for example<\/i>, <i>such as<\/i>, <i>in other words<\/i>, and <i>that is<\/i>, as in the following sentence: \u201cHomeothermic animals, that is, animals such as mammals and birds, maintain their body temperature within a narrow range irrespective of ambient temperature.\u201d<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom:0cm; margin:0cm 0cm 8pt\"><span style=\"font-size:11pt\"><span style=\"line-height:150%\"><span style=\"font-family:Calibri,sans-serif\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family:&quot;Sitka Text&quot;\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\">Because a colon also signals such a relationship, that punctuation mark can be used as a substitute for the actual words that signal the transition, especially in lists such as \u201cThree parameters affect the \u2018color\u2019 of a page: typeface, spacing between words, and spacing between lines of text.\u201d<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom:0cm; margin:0cm 0cm 8pt\"><span style=\"font-size:11pt\"><span style=\"line-height:150%\"><span style=\"font-family:Calibri,sans-serif\"><i><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family:&quot;Sitka Text&quot;\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\">Transitions that signal cause and effect<\/span><\/i><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family:&quot;Sitka Text&quot;\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\">. We are hard-wired to look for causes or agents for every action and often turn to science to know the reasons behind many commonly observed phenomena, which is why transitions such as <i>because<\/i>, <i>due to<\/i>, and <i>owing to<\/i> are frequently found in research papers. For emphasis, words that signal cause-and-effect relationships can be used even to begin a sentence, as in \u201cBecause the seedlings grew on a stony soil, their growth was poor\u201d and \u201cDue to increasing deforestation, soil erosion is now more severe than before.\u201d<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom:0cm; margin:0cm 0cm 8pt\"><span style=\"font-size:11pt\"><span style=\"line-height:150%\"><span style=\"font-family:Calibri,sans-serif\"><i><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family:&quot;Sitka Text&quot;\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\">Transitions that signal dependencies<\/span><\/i><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family:&quot;Sitka Text&quot;\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\">. One proof of a cause-and-effect relationship is the close bond between the two: one cannot occur in the absence of the other. The fact that event A is dependent on event B is often signaled by expressions like <i>if\u00a0.\u00a0.\u00a0. then<\/i>, <i>provided<\/i>, and <i>so long as<\/i>. Consider the following example sentences: \u201cIf the weighing scale is accurate to the nearest gram, the results (expressed in kg) can be given up to 3 decimal places\u201d and \u201cSo long as enough nitrogen is supplied, it does not matter whether it is given through chemical fertilizers or through organic manures.\u201d<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<h3 style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 8pt;\"><span style=\"font-size:11pt\"><span style=\"line-height:150%\"><span style=\"font-family:Calibri,sans-serif\"><b><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family:&quot;Sitka Text&quot;\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\">Signaling document structure<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/h3>\n<p style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 8pt;\"><span style=\"font-size:11pt\"><span style=\"line-height:150%\"><span style=\"font-family:Calibri,sans-serif\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family:&quot;Sitka Text&quot;\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\">So far, we have discussed the words that signal transitions, but what about document structure? That is where headings, subheadings, and minor headings (three levels in this case but there could be more levels in a lengthy and complex text) have a role to play. When the levels of such headings are indicated unambiguously, using appropriate typography and layout, they allow readers a bird\u2019s-eye view of the entire document.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<h3 style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 8pt;\"><span style=\"font-size:11pt\"><span style=\"line-height:150%\"><span style=\"font-family:Calibri,sans-serif\"><b><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family:&quot;Sitka Text&quot;\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\">Arranging information in logical sequence<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/h3>\n<p style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 8pt;\"><span style=\"font-size:11pt\"><span style=\"line-height:150%\"><span style=\"font-family:Calibri,sans-serif\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family:&quot;Sitka Text&quot;\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\">Lastly, good flow requires an orderly sequence the logic of which should be clear to the reader or should be stated in so many words. Take for example the results of a survey of monthly electricity consumption of households. An illogical sequence will present the results in the order in which the data were collected; a logical sequence, on the other hand, would present the data in a definite sequence, by arranging the data in terms of total consumption or average income of the surveyed households or their geographical location and so on. Whatever the basis, it should be stated explicitly upfront, as in \u201cThe results of the survey are discussed in terms of the number of different electrical appliances owned by the households.\u201d<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 8pt;\"><span style=\"font-size:11pt\"><span style=\"line-height:150%\"><span style=\"font-family:Calibri,sans-serif\"><b><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family:&quot;Sitka Text&quot;\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\">Conclusion<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 8pt;\"><span style=\"font-size:11pt\"><span style=\"line-height:150%\"><span style=\"font-family:Calibri,sans-serif\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family:&quot;Sitka Text&quot;\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\">To sum up, to ensure smooth flow, the results of research must be presented and discussed in an orderly sequence, highlighting the overall structure of the narrative with suitable headings at the macro level and appropriate transitions at the micro level. To paraphrase Randy Olson<sup>1<\/sup>, the facts you present may be interesting and even curious, but without a logical and coherent structure and helpful links that highlight their interconnections, they will remain \u201cjust a pile of sundry facts.\u201d<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 8pt;\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<h2 style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 8pt;\"><span style=\"font-size:11pt\"><span style=\"line-height:150%\"><span style=\"font-family:Calibri,sans-serif\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family:&quot;Sitka Text&quot;\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\">Reference<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n<ol>\n<li style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 8pt;\"><span style=\"font-size:11pt\"><span style=\"line-height:150%\"><span style=\"font-family:Calibri,sans-serif\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family:&quot;Sitka Text&quot;\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\">Olson R. 2015.<i> Houston, We Have a Narrative: why science needs story<\/i>, p. 88. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. 260 pp.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 8pt;\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 8pt;\"><em>Unsure if your manuscript is well-organized and well-structured enough? Have an expert peer review your manuscript before you submit it to a journal and minimize the chances of negative reviewer comments. Try Editage&#8217;s <a href=\"https:\/\/www.editage.com\/services\/other\/pre-submission-peer-review\">pre-submission peer review service<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Ever tried your hand at a jigsaw puzzle? You have all the pieces but need to work out where each piece goes: the picture emerges only when each piece is in its place. Disorderly writing is like those scattered pieces, whereas cohesive and smooth-flowing writing is the completed puzzle. The writing of scientists and academics [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":18,"featured_media":33313,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[2375,2417],"tags":[2605,2636,210],"new_categories":[],"new_tags":[],"series":[],"class_list":["post-4234","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-grammar-language","category-planning-to-write","tag-academic-writing","tag-grammar-tips","tag-manuscript-writing"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v25.0 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Ensuring smooth flow and cohesion in your writing | Editage Insights<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"This article discusses the devices\u2014headings and subheadings, typical connecting words, phrases, and punctuation 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