{"id":47994,"date":"2026-07-09T09:50:00","date_gmt":"2026-07-09T04:20:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.editage.com\/insights\/?p=47994"},"modified":"2026-07-08T11:08:33","modified_gmt":"2026-07-08T05:38:33","slug":"discussion-vs-conclusion-in-research-paper","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.editage.com\/insights\/discussion-vs-conclusion-in-research-paper","title":{"rendered":"Discussion and Conclusion in Research Manuscript: Difference\u00a0Explained with Examples\u00a0"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p><strong>Blog Highlights:<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Discussion&nbsp;section answers the&nbsp;question \u201cWHAT\u201d to&nbsp;let the&nbsp;readers know&nbsp;what the findings of your study&nbsp;exactly mean.&nbsp;It is a detailed&nbsp;interpretation&nbsp;of the&nbsp;data reported in the Results section.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Conclusion section&nbsp;provide&nbsp;a snapshot of your study implications without delving into the details of the findings&nbsp;interpreted.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Conclusion can either be a standalone section or a sub-section under Discussion, depending on&nbsp;the study reported and&nbsp;journal\u2019s&nbsp;requirements.&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Introduction&nbsp;<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The Discussion and Conclusion sections in a research paper are&nbsp;often&nbsp;confusing for authors.&nbsp;Both&nbsp;are meant to&nbsp;bring the paper to a close&nbsp;with interpretations and deductions;&nbsp;yet the contents of these sections&nbsp;vary significantly. This blog explains the best way to write the Discussion section, what should NOT be included in it, and how to avoid overlapping Discussion with Conclusion.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe title=\"BEST Way to Write Discussion and Conclusion Sections in Research Papers\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/rOyCpwsEJUA?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#disc-1\">What Should the Discussion Section Include&nbsp;<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#disc-2\">How to Structure the Discussion Section: 3-Step Approach<\/a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#disc-3\">Which Tenses Should You Use in Discussion Section&nbsp;<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#disc-4\">What to Avoid in Discussion Section&nbsp;<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#disc-5\">Effective Action Points to Write Discussion&nbsp;<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#disc-6\">How to Write the&nbsp;Conclusion&nbsp;Section<\/a>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#disc-7\">Discussion vs Conclusion: Know the Difference&nbsp;<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#disc-8\">Final Tips to Write Effective Discussion&nbsp;and&nbsp;Conclusion&nbsp;<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"disc-1\"><strong>What Should the Discussion Section Include<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Broad picture<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The Discussion section\u00a0must follow the Results sections in your paper\u00a0and\u00a0focus on the larger picture\u00a0of the purpose of your research.\u00a0Remember the aims and\u00a0objectives\u00a0that were\u00a0highlighted in the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.editage.com\/insights\/4-step-approach-to-writing-the-introduction-section-of-a-research-paper\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Introduction section<\/a>? You should revisit them in the Discussion and\u00a0align the interpretation of your findings with the research aims.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Study limitations<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The Discussion section is also the perfect place to recognize the limitations of your study.&nbsp;Explaining&nbsp;the limitations does not signify that your study is flawed. It simply acknowledges that&nbsp;because of certain factors you could not&nbsp;address a few aspects&nbsp;pertaining to&nbsp;your research.&nbsp;However,&nbsp;do not dwell too much on the limitations and&nbsp;emphasize the strengths of your&nbsp;research&nbsp;convincingly before mentioning the limitations.&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Future directions<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Identifying&nbsp;the<strong>&nbsp;<\/strong>limitations can also help you&nbsp;lay the foundation for future research, which should be another key aspect covered in the Discussion.&nbsp;Based on your&nbsp;study\u2019s&nbsp;limitations, you can&nbsp;indicate&nbsp;the potential future lines of investigation you foresee for your research, thereby&nbsp;opening up&nbsp;new avenues for the scientific community to&nbsp;focus on.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"disc-2\"><strong>How to Structure the Discussion Section: 3-Step Approach<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>An effective way to structure the Discussion is to start with a statement of your main findings and then broadening the&nbsp;flow of information, like an inverted funnel. Here are 3 simple steps to write the Discussion.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Step&nbsp;1:&nbsp;State&nbsp;a clear answer to the research question<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Start by answering the original <a href=\"https:\/\/www.editage.com\/insights\/how-to-choose-a-research-question\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">research question <\/a>that you posed in the Introduction\u00a0to\u00a0ensure that the reader understands that your study is answering the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.editage.com\/insights\/everything-you-need-to-know-about-framing-a-research-hypothesis\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">hypothesis\u00a0<\/a>established\u00a0at the beginning of the paper. This is crucial because\u00a0the way you formulate this statement\u00a0determines\u00a0whether the reader has internalized why\u00a0your study was important to reach the conclusions interpreted from the findings.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-vivid-red-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-08504aa785e0056409e90ad969b60406\"><strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-black-color\">Example:<\/mark><\/strong><em>&nbsp;Our study is the first to show that&nbsp;migratory bats respond&nbsp;with positive&nbsp;phototaxis&nbsp;towards green light at night,&nbsp;thus&nbsp;demonstrating&nbsp;that migratory bats are&nbsp;Particularly susceptible&nbsp;to artificial&nbsp;light at night.<\/em>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Step&nbsp;2:&nbsp;Support, explain, and defend results<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Whatever research findings you have reported in the Results section should be explained and defended&nbsp;clearly&nbsp;in the Discussion section. You need to make sure that your interpretations are&nbsp;evidence based.&nbsp;You can also refer to previously reported literature to support your claims.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-vivid-red-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-f781a606298e8e6805fa7e59de709634\"><strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-black-color\">Example:<\/mark><\/strong>&nbsp;<em>Our estimated mortality for those with MDR HAI&nbsp;is higher than those previously published by Sook et al. (2020), probably because we used&nbsp;the&nbsp;30-day&nbsp;mortality rate rather than in-hospital mortality rate.&nbsp;<\/em>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Step 3:&nbsp;Establish&nbsp;the&nbsp;importance of findings,&nbsp;implications, and limitations<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Next, you need to&nbsp;establish&nbsp;that&nbsp;your study findings&nbsp;contribute significantly to existing literature.&nbsp;Highlight the strengths of your findings and&nbsp;clarify why you reached the conclusions you have discussed.&nbsp;Once the implications are sufficiently highlighted, go on to specify the limitations of the study.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-vivid-red-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-b21548d2b9899b915e6253ea04b7ce05\"><strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-black-color\">Example&nbsp;1:&nbsp;<\/mark><\/strong><em>Our study highlights the need for public health officials and international health&nbsp;organizations&nbsp;to improve&nbsp;the systems to track and reduce the burden of&nbsp;antimicrobial resistance&nbsp;in&nbsp;low- and middle-income countries.<\/em>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-vivid-red-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-e345b63c9b9a2e3bf91643d0a5b7161e\"><strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-black-color\">Example 2:<\/mark>&nbsp;<\/strong><em>Our study confirms the importance of this species as a leading cause of&nbsp;hospital&nbsp;acquired&nbsp;MDR infection&nbsp;in a developing tropical country.<\/em>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-vivid-red-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-0353b05651ad9cb53c1f566d47f5dc99\"><strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-black-color\">Example 3:&nbsp;<\/mark><\/strong><em>A limitation of this study is that more complete clinical data were not available. In the future, we intend to address this by expanding\u2026<\/em><strong>&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"disc-3\"><strong>Which Tenses Should You Use in Discussion Section<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The Discussion section&nbsp;should ideally use a mix of tenses depending on what&nbsp;is being covered: the findings, the interpretation of the findings,&nbsp;or future scope for your research.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Past&nbsp;tense:&nbsp;<\/strong>The&nbsp;past tense or the present perfect tense must be used to summarize the research findings. Even though you need not elaborate, the major findings should be briefly mentioned for you to make interpretations.&nbsp;<br>Past tense is also used when reiterating the research&nbsp;objectives&nbsp;at the beginning of the Discussion.&nbsp;<br><strong>Example:&nbsp;<\/strong><em><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-red-color\">We&nbsp;<\/mark><\/em><strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-red-color\"><em>tested<\/em><\/mark><\/strong><em><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-red-color\">&nbsp;whether X responds\u2026<\/mark>&nbsp;<\/em>&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Present tense:&nbsp;<\/strong>Any interpretation or conclusion drawn from the findings&nbsp;to show the significance of your results&nbsp;must be written in the present tense.&nbsp;<br><strong>Example:<\/strong>&nbsp;<mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-red-color\"><em>These findings&nbsp;<\/em><strong><em>confirm&nbsp;<\/em><\/strong><em>our hypothesis that\u2026<\/em>&nbsp;<\/mark><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Future tense:&nbsp;<\/strong>Use future tense<strong>&nbsp;<\/strong>when making recommendations for further research or&nbsp;to&nbsp;indicate&nbsp;a future course of action based on your study\u2019s findings.&nbsp;<br><strong>Example:<\/strong>&nbsp;<mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-red-color\"><em>To address this shortcoming, we&nbsp;<\/em><strong><em>will<\/em><\/strong><em>&nbsp;explore the possibility&nbsp;of\u2026<\/em>&nbsp;<\/mark><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"disc-4\"><strong>What to Avoid in Discussion Section<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Here\u2019s&nbsp;a checklist of DO\u2019s and DON\u2019Ts in&nbsp;a Discussion&nbsp;section.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns are-vertically-aligned-center is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-center is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:100%\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table aligncenter\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><tbody><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\"><strong>DO<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">a) Include the&nbsp;importance of your study&nbsp;<br>b) Explain&nbsp;your results in the context of existing literature&nbsp;<br>c) Highlight the&nbsp;strengths of your study\u2019s contribution&nbsp;<br>d) Specify the limitations of your study&nbsp;<br>e) Mention the potential future lines of investigation&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\"><strong>DON\u2019T<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">a) Simply write another Introduction!&nbsp;<br>b) Repeat the results or&nbsp;introduce new findings&nbsp;<br>c) Exaggerate or over-generalize the&nbsp;results&nbsp;<br>d) Criticize other studies to make your study look good&nbsp;<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"disc-5\"><strong>Effective Action Points to Write Discussion<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><tbody><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\"><strong>Action<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\"><strong>Ways to address the action<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\"><strong>Sample sentences<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"><strong>1. Providing background information&nbsp;<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">a) Reference to literature&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\"><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-red-color\">a) Prior studies have noted the importance of\u2026.&nbsp;<\/mark><br>&nbsp;<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">b) Reference to research question&nbsp;<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\"><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-red-color\">b) With respect to the first research question, it was found that\u2026&nbsp;<\/mark><\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\" rowspan=\"4\"><strong>2.&nbsp;Restating, comparing, and explaining results<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">a)&nbsp;Summarizing results&nbsp;<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\"><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-red-color\">a) The results of this study show\/indicate&nbsp;that\u2026&nbsp;<\/mark><\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">b) Supporting\/contradicting&nbsp;previous&nbsp;findings&nbsp;<br>&nbsp;<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\"><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-red-color\">b) This finding is consistent with that of Hopps et al. (2019)&#8230;&nbsp;OR&nbsp;This finding contradicts the results of Hopps et al. (2019), who found that\u2026&nbsp;<\/mark><\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">c) Indicating an unexpected outcome&nbsp;<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\"><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-red-color\">c)&nbsp;One unanticipated finding was that\u2026&nbsp;<\/mark><\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">d)&nbsp;Justifying&nbsp;the findings&nbsp;with a rational explanation&nbsp;<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\"><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-red-color\">d) This discrepancy could be attributed to\u2026<\/mark>&nbsp;<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\"><strong>3.&nbsp;Advising&nbsp;cautious interpretation of findings<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">Being cautious to avoid&nbsp;misinterpreting results&nbsp;<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\"><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-red-color\">Although exclusion of X did not\u2026, these results should be interpreted with caution&nbsp;<\/mark><\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\"><strong>4. Suggesting general hypothesis<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">Drawing&nbsp;informed conclusions&nbsp;<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\"><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-red-color\">Therefore, it is likely that connections exist between X and Y\u2026&nbsp;<\/mark><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"disc-6\"><strong>How to Write the&nbsp;Conclusion&nbsp;Section<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Placement of Conclusions<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The conclusions from your research should be presented either in a separate Conclusion section or at the end of the Discussion section. The placement of conclusions depends on your own discretion or even the target journal requirements.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>If journals say that the Conclusion must be a separate section,&nbsp;add it after the Discussion.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>If the journal does not specify this&nbsp;or&nbsp;recommends&nbsp;merging conclusions with discussion, you may keep it as a sub-section under Discussion.&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>What Should You Write in Conclusion<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>This is where your research wraps up!&nbsp;And here are a few key points to include in your Conclusion&nbsp;section:&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>By the time readers reach the conclusions, they are familiar with&nbsp;all&nbsp;information&nbsp;about your&nbsp;research. So, start by&nbsp;restarting your research problem succinctly.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Include&nbsp;ONLY the&nbsp;key&nbsp;findings&nbsp;of your study in a persuasive manner&nbsp;without repeating&nbsp;all&nbsp;the results.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The final take-home message should be clear and simple,&nbsp;without&nbsp;exaggerations.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>You can specify both short-term and long-term implications of your study.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Acknowledge the&nbsp;study&nbsp;limitation in a single sentence&nbsp;rather than explaining in detail. And then you may&nbsp;end the Conclusion with the scope for future research&nbsp;and the potential opportunities for investigations&nbsp;on your chosen topic.&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>What&nbsp;NOT&nbsp;to Write in Conclusion<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Do not introduce new arguments or data in Conclusion.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Avoid oversimplifying the implications.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Do not draw conclusions that are not&nbsp;directly based&nbsp;on evidence.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Avoid making tall claims&nbsp;regarding&nbsp;future&nbsp;research directions. Be realistic&nbsp;and reasonable&nbsp;when&nbsp;recommending the&nbsp;anticipated&nbsp;lines of investigation.&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"disc-7\"><strong>Discussion vs Conclusion: Know the Difference<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Here\u2019s&nbsp;a snapshot of Discussion vs Conclusion:&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table alignwide\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><tbody><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\"><strong>Discussion<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\"><strong>Conclusion<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">Interpret&nbsp;the&nbsp;findings reported under&nbsp;Results&nbsp;<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">Restate the research hypothesis\/research problem\/research aim&nbsp;<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">Compare results with&nbsp;previous&nbsp;results or existing literature. Explain unexpected results (if any) with proper justifications&nbsp;<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">Highlight ONLY the key findings&nbsp;without reiterating the details&nbsp;<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">Discuss the study\u2019s limitations in detail&nbsp;<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">Briefly highlight the study limitation&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">Explain the importance\/significance of your research&nbsp;<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">Underscore the research\u2019s strengths and contribution&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">Include potential lines of investigation with&nbsp;details&nbsp;<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">Mention future research directions&nbsp;<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"disc-8\"><strong>Final Tips to Write Effective Discussion&nbsp;and&nbsp;Conclusion<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Explain what the&nbsp;results mean and highlight why they are important&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Compare your findings with previously reported results. If there are contradictory results,&nbsp;justify it with a thorough explanation.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>If some results&nbsp;failed to&nbsp;attain&nbsp;statistical&nbsp;significance&nbsp;but you manage to&nbsp;identify&nbsp;trends,&nbsp;you could&nbsp;explain&nbsp;whether the difference&nbsp;is coincidental.&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Describe how your study has contributed to moving&nbsp;the&nbsp;scientific&nbsp;knowledge forward.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Outline the limitations of your work&nbsp;and suggest future lines of investigation.&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Sum up the Discussion with key conclusions without exaggerating. Avoid undue speculation and keep your interpretations evidence based.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Ensure that the take-home message is clear&nbsp;for&nbsp;the readers.&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><em>Looking to refine your research paper for successful publication? Check out&nbsp;Editage\u2019s&nbsp;<\/em><\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.editage.com\/services\/english-editing\/premium-editing-plan?utm_source=editageinsights&amp;utm_medium=article-boilerplate&amp;utm_campaign=202607\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><strong><em>Premium Editing Services<\/em><\/strong><\/a><strong><em>&nbsp;and get submission-ready manuscripts<\/em><\/strong><em>.<\/em>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Blog Highlights:&nbsp; Introduction&nbsp;&nbsp; The Discussion and Conclusion sections in a research paper are&nbsp;often&nbsp;confusing for authors.&nbsp;Both&nbsp;are meant to&nbsp;bring the paper to a close&nbsp;with interpretations and deductions;&nbsp;yet the contents of these sections&nbsp;vary significantly. This blog explains the best way to write the Discussion section, what should NOT be included in it, and how to avoid overlapping Discussion [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":70612,"featured_media":48002,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"inline_featured_image":false,"_ayudawp_aiss_exclude":false,"_ayudawp_aiss_summary":"Identifying&nbsp;the&nbsp;limitations can also help you&nbsp;lay the foundation for future research, which should be another key aspect covered in the Discussion.&nbsp;Based on your&nbsp;study\u2019s&nbsp;limitations, you can&nbsp;indicate&nbsp;the potential future lines of investigation you foresee for your research, thereby&nbsp;opening up&nbsp;new avenues for the scientific community to&nbsp;focus on.&nbsp;. Example:&nbsp;Our study is the first to show that&nbsp;migratory bats respond&nbsp;with positive&nbsp;phototaxis&nbsp;towards green light at night,&nbsp;thus&nbsp;demonstrating&nbsp;that migratory bats are&nbsp;Particularly susceptible&nbsp;to artificial&nbsp;light at night.&nbsp;. If some results&nbsp;failed to&nbsp;attain&nbsp;statistical&nbsp;significance&nbsp;but you manage to&nbsp;identify&nbsp;trends,&nbsp;you could&nbsp;explain&nbsp;whether the difference&nbsp;is coincidental.&nbsp;&nbsp;.","_ayudawp_aiss_summary_provider":"extractive","_ayudawp_aiss_summary_hash":"08960900b614b03579bebe72960b8103fa48be5d","footnotes":""},"categories":[2372],"tags":[6526],"new_categories":[],"new_tags":[],"series":[],"class_list":["post-47994","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-manuscript-writing","tag-discussion-vs-conclusion"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v25.0 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Discussion vs. Conclusion in a Research Paper: Key Differences and Examples | Editage Insights<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Understand the difference between the discussion and conclusion sections in a research manuscript. Explore their roles, structure, and examples to improve your writing.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.editage.com\/insights\/discussion-vs-conclusion-in-research-paper\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Discussion vs. Conclusion in a Research Paper: Key Differences and Examples | Editage Insights\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Understand the difference between the discussion and conclusion sections in a research manuscript. Explore their roles, structure, and examples to improve your writing.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.editage.com\/insights\/discussion-vs-conclusion-in-research-paper\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Editage Insights\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/Editage\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2026-07-09T04:20:00+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/www.editage.com\/insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/disc-vs-conc.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1280\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"720\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Sindhuja A\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@Editage\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@Editage\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Sindhuja A\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"8 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.editage.com\/insights\/discussion-vs-conclusion-in-research-paper#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.editage.com\/insights\/discussion-vs-conclusion-in-research-paper\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Sindhuja A\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.editage.com\/insights\/#\/schema\/person\/d4e94a0d92820efd378538fe54342d61\"},\"headline\":\"Discussion and Conclusion in Research Manuscript: Difference\u00a0Explained with Examples\u00a0\",\"datePublished\":\"2026-07-09T04:20:00+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.editage.com\/insights\/discussion-vs-conclusion-in-research-paper\"},\"wordCount\":2005,\"commentCount\":0,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.editage.com\/insights\/#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.editage.com\/insights\/discussion-vs-conclusion-in-research-paper#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/www.editage.com\/insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/disc-vs-conc.jpg\",\"keywords\":[\"discussion vs conclusion\"],\"articleSection\":[\"Manuscript Writing\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"CommentAction\",\"name\":\"Comment\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/www.editage.com\/insights\/discussion-vs-conclusion-in-research-paper#respond\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.editage.com\/insights\/discussion-vs-conclusion-in-research-paper\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.editage.com\/insights\/discussion-vs-conclusion-in-research-paper\",\"name\":\"Discussion vs. Conclusion in a Research Paper: Key Differences and Examples | Editage Insights\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.editage.com\/insights\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.editage.com\/insights\/discussion-vs-conclusion-in-research-paper#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.editage.com\/insights\/discussion-vs-conclusion-in-research-paper#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/www.editage.com\/insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/disc-vs-conc.jpg\",\"datePublished\":\"2026-07-09T04:20:00+00:00\",\"description\":\"Understand the difference between the discussion and conclusion sections in a research manuscript. 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